什么是现在分词？

Question

如题所述

Answer 1

现在分词

一 现在分词的结构：

现在分词就是动词加上ing 构成，下面是各种时态和语态的构成:

主动语态 被动语态
一般现在时 Doing Being done
现在完成时 Having done Having been done

例句：

1 The girl sitting in the front is my cousin.

2 Having fulfilled the mission, they returned to their company.

3 Being protected by his bodyguard, he felt safe wherever he went.

4 Having been invited, she had to go.
二 现在分词的功能：

A 作表语:
当现在分词作表语时， 现在分词可以简单地被看作是形容词。

The news is interesting.
The problem is confusing.
His speech is encouraging.

区别:

{ a His speech is encouraging.
b He is encouraging me now.

a 中encouraging是形容词表示主语的特征。
b 中encouraging是现在进行时表示主语发出的动作。

B 作定语：

当现在分词作定语时，它相当于一个定语从句。

互换 { In my hometown, there is a factory making cars.
In my hometown, there is a factory that makes cars.
互换 { The girl writing a letter is good at English.
The girl who is writing a letter is good at English.
互换 { The problem being discussed is very important.
The problem that is being discussed is very important.

注意：

• 通常情况下，单个的现在分词放在被修饰词的前面，现在分词短语放在被修饰词的后面。

This is a piece of encouraging news.
This is a piece of news encouraging us to work hard.

• 像非限定定语从句用逗号隔开一样，现在分词也有非限定形式---用逗号隔开。
互换 { His daughter, who is working in the hospital, is going to study abroad.
His daughter, working in the hospital, is going to study abroad.

C 作状语：
当现在分词作状语时，它相当于一个状语从句。

互换 { Leaving the airport, he waved to us again and again.
When he left the airport, he waved to us again and again.
互换 { Seeing nobody at home, she decided to leave them a note.
Because she saw nobody at home, she decided to leave them a note.
互换 { Turning to the right, you will find the hospital.
If you turn to the right, you will find the hospital.
互换 { Knowing where his uncle lives, he never goes to see him.
Although he knows where his uncle lives, he never goes to see him.

注意：

有时候我们可以在现在分词前面加上连词。意思和不加连词一样。

互换 { When he left the airport, he waved to us again and again.
Leaving the airport, he waved to us again and again.
When leaving the airport, he waved to us again and again.
互换 { Because she saw nobody at home, she decided to leave them a note.
Seeing nobody at home, she decided to leave them a note.
Because seeing nobody at home, she decided to leave them a note.

D 作宾语补足语和主语补足语（进一步地补充说明宾语，主语是一个什么样子）：

宾语补足语 { I heard him….
I heard him crying in the corner.

主语补足语
{ He was heard….
He was heard crying in the corner.

区别：

a I heard him sing a pop song in the room.
b I heard him singing a pop song in the room.

a是省略to的动词不定式作宾语补足语来表示结果---宾语作了某事。
b是现在分词作宾语补足语来表示正在进行的动作---宾语正在干某事。
E 作独立主格:
当我们在使用现在分词作状语时，现在分词的动作发出者必须和主句谓语动词的动作发出者是同一个人或物。如果动作发出者不是同一人或物，不能使用现在分词，必须使用独立主格。

对: Standing on the top of the hill, I found the city very beautiful.

I---standing AND I---found

错: Standing on the top of the hill, the city looks very beautiful.

I----standing BUT the city---looks

改正:
使用独立主格
I standing on the top of the hill, the city looks very beautiful.

• 独立主格的更多例子：

He walked over to me, a dog following him.
Class being over, the children went home.
Weather permitting, we will go outing next week.
His teacher having gone away to a conference, they did not have classes this week.本回答被提问者采纳

Answer 2

现在分词
现在分词和过去分词主要差别在于：现在分词表示"主动和进行"，过去分词表示"被动和完成"(不及物动词的过去分词不表示被动，只表示完成)。分词可以有自己的状语、宾语或逻辑主语等。
1、分词作状语分词在句子中作状语，可以表示时间、条件、原因、结果、让步、伴随等。
分词做状语时，它的逻辑主语与句子的主语一致。作状语的分词相当于一个状语从句。
【例如】
Hearing the news they all jumped with joy.
Using what you know of word stems and word formations you can make a guess at the meaning of a new word.
The students went out of the classroom laughing and talking.
Accompanied by his friend he went to the railway station.
Given better attention the plants could grow better.
He looked tired and depressed visibly disturbed by the news of his mother’s illness.
分词在句子中作状语，使用何种分词，要取决于分词与句子主语的关系：主谓关系用现在分词，动宾或被动关系用过去分词。
【例如】
Taught by mistakes and setbacks ,we have become wiser and handled our affairs better. (we are taught/teach us) .
Inspired by the International the working people of all countries have been fighting for their final liberation. (the working people were inspired/ inspire the working people)
_B__the earth to be flat , many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge.
A) having believed B) Believing C) Believed D) Being believed

本句意思为：相信地球是平的，许多人担心哥伦布会从边上掉下去。许多人与相信之间是主谓关系，及分词与主语之间为主谓关系。因此，应用现在分词，答案为B.
No matter how frequently__B__ ,the works of Beethoven always attract large audiences.
A) performing B) performed C) to be performed D) being performed
本句中贝多芬的作品被反复表演，可见分词与句子的主语之间是被动关系，应该用过去分词，故答案为B.
__B__as it was at such a time ,his work attracted much attention.
A) Being published B) Published C) Publishing D) To be published
本句中as引导的是让步状语从句，意思为：他的作品尽管在被这样的时候出版，还是引起了关注，可见分词与句子的主语之间是被动关系，应该用过去分词，故答案为B.
2、"while ( when once until if though等连词)＋分词"结构现在分词或过去分词作状语时，有时可以在分词前加while，when ,once, although, until if等连词。
【例如】 When leaving the airport ,she waved again and again to us.
While waiting for the train , I had a long talk with my sister about her work……
Once recovered, he threw himself into his work and made every effort to do it well.

Although working very hard, he failed to pass the final exam. I
f translated word by word the passage will be difficult to understand.

3、分词作定语分词作定语时，单个的分词通常放在被修饰的名词之前，分词短语一般置于所修饰的中心词后面。现在分词修饰的是发出该动作的名词(即与名词有主谓关系)，过去分词修饰承受该动作的名词(即与名词是动宾关系)。
【例如】
We will go on with our experiment as soon as we get the added fund.
This is really an exhausting day to all of us!
We can see the part of the moon lighted by sunlight.
After a night spent in excitement and sleeplessness I forced myself to take a long walk along the beach the next day. More and more developing countries established strategic partnership with developed countries.
The young sitting between my sister and my brother is my cousin Jack……
As early as 1649 Ohio made a decision that free tax-upported schools must be established in every town____50 households or more.
A) having B) to have C) to have had D) having had Town
后面由分词做定语，而且town本身有50或以上人家，故town与分词间为主谓关系，应该用现在分词，答案为A。
4、分词作宾语补足语现在分词在see, watch, hear ,observe ,notice, feel ,find, glimpse ,glance等感官动词和look at, listen to等短语动词以及have, keep, get ,catch ,leave ,set ,start, send等使役动词后面与名词或代词构成复合宾语，作宾语补语的成分。
5、分词作表语分词作表语通常看作形容词来用。现在分词表示主语的性质，而且主语多为物；过去分词表示主语的感受或状态，主语多为人。

Answer 3

一、现在分词
现在分词由动词加ing构成。
非谓语动词中的现在分词主要起形容词和副词的作用，在句中作定语、表语、补语或状语。
一、现在分词的两个基本特点。
1. 在时间上表示动作正在进行。例如： a developing country. 一个发展中的国家， boiling water 沸水， rising sun 冉冉升起的太阳。（试比较： a developed country 一个发达国家， boiled water 白开水， risen sun 升起的太阳）
2. 在语态上表示主动。例如： the ruling class 统治阶级， the exploiting class 剥削阶级。（试比较： the ruled class 被统治阶级， the exploited class 被剥削阶级）
二、掌握现在分词的基本功能。
1. 现在分词作定语，表示正在进行的或主动的动作。也可以说明被修饰词的性质和特征，此时可换成相应的定语从句。例如：
① There was a terrible noise following the sudden burst of light.
② He saw a flying bird and raised his bow.
③ I was satisfied with the exciting speech.
2. 现在分词作状语时，可作时间、条件、结果、原因和伴随状语，表示正在进行的或主动的动作。此时分词的逻辑主语就是主句的主语，因此要注意人称、时态和语态的一致性。例如：
① The visiting minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks, adding that he had enjoyed his stay here.
② European football is played in more than 80 countries, making it the most popular sport in the world.
③Seeing from the top of the hill, we can find that the city looks more beautiful.
3. 现在分词作补足语，表示正在进行的或主动的动作。例如：
① Soon they could see the steam rising from the wet clothes.
② The missing boys were last seen playing near the river.
4. 现在分词的独立主格结构作状语。例如：
① With his lips still trembling, he couldn't say a word.
②“ Mama! ” he cried suddenly, tears rolling down his cheeks. “妈妈！”他突然哭着喊，泪水从他的脸上流下来。（这里需要用现在分词的独立主格结构 tears rolling down his cheeks 作状语。）
③ Weather permitting, we'll go to the Great wall. 如果天气允许的话，我们就去长城。（这里需要用现在分词的独立主格结构 Weather permitting 作状语。）