液氨æ¯æ¶²æçæ°¨æ°ï¼æ¯çº¯åç©ï¼
氨水æ¯æ··åç©ã
æ··åç©å纯åç©æä½åºå«
1ï¼çº¯åç©æåºå®ç»æï¼æ··åç©æ²¡æåºå®ç»æã
ç»æ纯åç©çç©è´¨åªè½æ¯ä¸ç§ç©è´¨ãç»ææ··åç©çç©è´¨å¯ä»¥æ¯ä¸¤ç§ä¹å¯ä»¥æ¯å¤ç§ï¼ç©è´¨ç§æ°ä¸åºå®ãæ··åç©ä¸æ¯ç§ç©è´¨çè´¨éåæ°å¯å¤å¯å°ä¹æ åºå®å¼ãä½æäºé®é¢å¿
é¡»æ¸
æ¥ï¼çº¯åç©ä¸å
ç´ çç¾åå«éä¸å®æ¯å®å¼ãèæå«å
ç´ ç¾åå«éæ¯å®å¼çç©è´¨ä¸ä¸å®æ¯çº¯åç©ãå¦å«ç¢³100%çç©è´¨å¯ä»¥æ¯
éåç³ï¼ä¹å¯ä»¥æ¯ç³å¢¨ç纯åç©ãææ¯éåç³åç³å¢¨ä¸¤ç§ç©è´¨æ··åæçæ··åç©ã纯åç©ä¸å®æåºå®ä¸åçåå¦å¼ãå¦çº¯æ°´çåå¦å¼ä¸ºH2Oãä½æç¡®å®åå¦å¼çç©è´¨ä¸ä¸å®æ¯çº¯åç©ãå¦åå¦å¼ä¸ºC2H6Oçç©è´¨å¯ä»¥æ¯çº¯åç©
ä¹éæç²éï¼ä¸ç§ææºç©ï¼ãä¹å¯ä»¥æ¯ä¹éåç²éæ··åèæçæ··åç©ãè¿å°±è¯´æ¯ï¼å¤æä¸ç§ç©è´¨æ¯çº¯åç©è¿æ¯æ··åç©ï¼ä»
åç©è´¨ç»æè¿è¿è¿ä¸å¤ã
2ï¼çº¯åç©æåºå®ç»æï¼æ··åç©æ²¡æåºå®ç»æã
ç»æä¸è¬æææç©è´¨çå¾®ç²é´çç»åæ¹å¼ãæå顺åºå空é´çæåçãç¸åç©è´¨ï¼ç»æç¸åãä¸åç§ç©è´¨ï¼ç»æä¸åã纯åç©åªæä¸ç§ç©è´¨ç»æï¼å æ¤çº¯åç©æåºå®ç»æãæ··åç©ç±äºç»æç©è´¨çæåä¸åºå®ï¼ç»æä¹å°±ä¸åºå®ãå¤æä¸ç§ç©è´¨æ¯çº¯åç©è¿æ¯æ··åç©ï¼ç»ææ¯é¦è¦æ¡ä»¶ã
3ï¼çº¯åç©æåºå®æ§è´¨ï¼æ··åç©æ²¡æåºå®çæ§è´¨ã
ç©è´¨çæ§è´¨åå³äºç©è´¨çç»æåç»æï¼ç¹å«æ¯ç»æãç±äºæ··åç©æ¬èº«å°±æ²¡æåºå®çç»æåç»æï¼å èå®çæ§è´¨å°äºéçç»æåç»æçååèååãæ以混åç©ä¸è¬æ¥è¯´æ²¡æåºå®çæ§è´¨ãç¸åï¼ç±ä¸ç§ç©è´¨ç»æç纯åç©å ç»æçç»æåºå®ï¼å èæ§è´¨å°±åºå®ãå¦çº¯åç©æåºå®ççç¹ã沸ç¹çã
纯åç©å¦ææºå
¥æè´¨åææ··åç©ï¼åå®ççç¹ã沸ç¹å°±éæè´¨çå¤å°èåçååãæä¸ç¹æ们å¿
须注æå°æ§è´¨åºå®ä¸å¦ä¸æ¯å¤æ纯åç©åæ··åçå¯ä¸æ åãå 为ææ沸ç¹çæ··åç©ä¹æåºå®ç沸ç¹ï¼å¦98%ç
æµç¡«é
¸æ²¸ç¹æ¯338 âãè¿æä¸ç¹å¼å¾æ³¨æçæ¯ï¼ç»å¯¹çº¯åçç©è´¨æ¯ä¸åå¨çãé常æ说ç纯åç©ä¹é½å«å°éæè´¨ï¼å
¶æè´¨å«éé度è¦ä»¥å¯¹ç产åç§ç ä¸äº§çæ害影å为æ åï¼çº¯åä¸å¦æ¯ç¸å¯¹çã纯åçä¸è¬æ¯æå«æè´¨å¾å°çå
·æä¸å®çº¯åº¦çç©è´¨ã
æ··åç©åååç©çåºå«
æ··åç©ã纯åç©çå·®å«å¨äºï¼ç»æç©è´¨æ¯ä¸ç§è¿æ¯å ç§åå, èååç©ååè´¨é½æ¯ä¸ç§ååç»æ,ä½åè´¨æ¯ç±ä¸ç§å
ç´ èååç©æ¯ç±å ç§å
ç´ ç»æç, æ··åç©: ç±ä¸¤ç§æå¤ç§ç©è´¨æ··åèæçç©è´¨å«åæ··åç©ã
ï¼1ï¼æ··åç©æ²¡æåºå®çç»æï¼ä¸è¬æ²¡æåºå®çç沸ç¹;
ï¼2ï¼å
¸åæ··åç©:
â 溶液: 溶å+溶质 å¦:çé
¸ãç¢é
ç
â¡ è¶ä½: åæ£è´¨+åæ£å
⢠空æ°: N 2 78%ãO 2 21%ãç¨ææ°ä½0.94%ãCO 2 0.03%ãå
¶ä»0.03%ï¼ä½ç§¯æ¯ï¼
10. 纯åç©: ç±ä¸ç§ç©è´¨ç»æçç©è´¨å«çº¯åç©ã
å®å¯ä»¥æ¯åè´¨ãååç©ï¼å¦ææ¯ç±ååææçç©è´¨ï¼é£çº¯åç©å°±æ¯æåç§ååç»æçç©è´¨ã
11. åè´¨: ç±åç§å
ç´ ç»æç纯åç©å«åè´¨ã
å¦O 2 ãCl 2 ãN 2 ãArãéåç³ãéï¼Feï¼çãHDã 16 O 18 Oä¹å±äºåè´¨ï¼åè´¨å为éå±åè´¨ä¸ééå±å质两ç§ã
12. ååç©: ç±ä¸åç§å
ç´ ç»æç纯åç©å«ååç©ã
ä»ä¸åçåç±»è§åº¦ååç©å¯å为å¤ç§ç±»åï¼å¦ç¦»åååç©åå
±ä»·ååç©;çµè§£è´¨åéçµè§£è´¨;æ æºååç©åææºååç©;é
¸ã碱çåæ°§åç©çã
13. é
¸: çµç¦»ç论认为:çµè§£çµç¦»åºçé³ç¦»åå
¨é¨æ¯H + çååç©å«åé
¸ã
常è§å¼ºé
¸ å¦: HClO 4 ãH 2 SO 4 ãHClãHNO 3 â¦
常è§å¼±é
¸ å¦: H 2 SO 3 ãH 3 PO 4 ãHFãHClOãH 2 CO 3 ãH 2 CO 3 ãH 2 SO 3 ãCH 3 COOHâ¦
14. 碱: çµç¦»ç论认为ï¼çµè§£è´¨çµç¦»æ¶äº§ççé´ç¦»åå
¨é¨æ¯OH - çååç©å«ç¢±ã
常è§å¼ºç¢± å¦: NaOHãKOHãBaï¼OHï¼2 â¦
常è§å¼±ç¢± å¦: NH 3 ·H 2 OãAlï¼OHï¼3 ãFeï¼OHï¼ 3 â¦
15.ç:çµç¦»æ¶çæéå±é³ç¦»åï¼æNH +4 ï¼åé
¸æ ¹ç¦»åçååç©å«åçã
ççåç±» â
æ£ç: å¦:ï¼NH 4 ï¼ 2 SO 4 ãNa 2 SO 4 â¦
â¡é
¸å¼ç: å¦NaHCO 3 ãNaH 2 PO 4 ãNa 2 HPO 4 â¦
â¢ç¢±å¼ç: Cu 2 ï¼OHï¼ 2 CO 3 â¦
â£å¤ç:KAlï¼SO 4 ï¼ 2 ·12H 2 Oâ¦
16. æ°§åç©: ç±ä¸¤ç§å
ç´ ç»æï¼å
¶ä¸ä¸ç§æ¯æ°§çååç©å«æ°§åç©ã
æ°§åç©çåç±»æ¹æ³ æç»æåéå±æ°§åç©: Na 2 OãAl 2 O 3 ãFe 3 O 4 â¦
ééå±æ°§åç©: NO 2 ãCOãSO 2 ãCO 2 â¦
ææ§è´¨åæçæ°§åç©: COãNO æçæ°§åç©
é
¸æ§æ°§åç©: CO 2 ãSO 2 â¦
碱æ§æ°§åç©: Na 2 O 2 ãCuOâ¦
两æ§æ°§åç©: Al 2 O 3 ãZnO
è¿æ°§åç©: Na 2 O 2
è¶
æ°§åç©: KO 2
17. åç´ å¼å½¢ä½: ç±åç§å
ç´ æå½¢æçä¸åçå质为åç´ å¼å½¢ä½ã
ï¼1ï¼å¸¸è§åç´ å¼å½¢ä½:红磷ä¸ç½ç£·;O 2 ä¸O 3 ;éåç³ä¸ç³å¢¨ã
ï¼2ï¼åç´ å¼å½¢ä½ä¹é´å¯ä»¥ç¸äºè½¬åï¼å±äºåå¦ååä½ä¸å±äº
æ°§åè¿åååºã
ï¼äºï¼æ£ç¡®ä½¿ç¨åå¦ç¨è¯ ï¼åå¦ç¨è¯æ¯æåå¦å¦ç§ä¸ä¸é¨ä½¿ç¨ç符å·ï¼å®å
æ¬ä»¥ä¸å ç§:
â å
ç´ ç¬¦å· â¡ç¦»åç¬¦å· â¢çµåå¼ â£ååç»æ示æå¾ â¤ååå¼ï¼åå¦å¼ï¼ â¥ç»æå¼åç»æç®å¼ â¦åå¦æ¹ç¨å¼ â§çåå¦æ¹ç¨å¼ â¨ç¦»åæ¹ç¨å¼ â©çµç¦»æ¹ç¨å¼11 çµææ¹ç¨å¼
1ãååç©ï¼ä¸¤ç§æ两ç§ä»¥ä¸å
ç´ ç»æç纯åç©ã
2ãåè´¨ï¼ä¸ç§å
ç´ ç»æç纯åç©ã
3ãæ··åç©ä¸å¯è½æ¯åè´¨ã
4ãåè´¨ä¸å®æ¯çº¯åç©ã
5ã纯åç©ç±ä¸ç§ç©è´¨ææã
6ãå
ç´ å¯ç»æåè´¨åååç©ï¼èåè´¨ä¸è½ç»æååç©ã
7ãæ··åç©æ¯ç±ä¸¤ç§æå¤ç§ç©è´¨æ··åèæçç©è´¨ã