碧玺用来做宝石的历史较短，但由于它鲜艳丰富的颜色和高透明度所构成的美，在它问世的时候，就赢得人们的喜爱，被称为风情万种的宝石。在我国清代的皇宫中，就有较多的碧玺饰物。现在，碧玺是受人喜爱的中档宝石品种，被誉为十月生辰石。
碧玺是一种以含B为特征的复杂的硼硅酸盐，化学分子式为(Ca,K,Na)(Al,Fe,Li,Mg,Mn)3(Al,Cr,Fe,V)
6(BO3)3(Si6O18)（OH,F）4.
碧玺常见双色分带共生的现象，其分带可与晶体底面平行，也可以形成平行柱面的环带。
碧玺的透明度和光泽：透明-半透明-不透明，玻璃光泽。
光性特征：一轴晶，负光性。
发光性：一般无荧光，粉红色碧玺在长、短波紫外光下有弱红到紫色的荧光。
光学效应：含大量平行纤维或线状空管的碧玺切磨成弧型宝石后可显示猫眼效应。由于管状包体很粗，猫眼效应通常较差。
力学性质
（1）解理和断口：无解理，贝壳状断口。横截面呈球三角型。
（2）硬度：7-8。
（3）相对密度：3.06（±0.20，-0.60）。
不同颜色碧玺的介绍
1、红-粉红色碧玺
由于含锰而呈红到粉红色，多色性明显，呈红色到粉红色。价值最高的为商界称为“双桃红”的碧玺。
2、蓝色碧玺
由于含铁而呈蓝色，多色性由明显到弱，呈深蓝色和浅蓝色。
3、绿色碧玺
由于含铬和钒元素而呈绿色，多色性明显，为浅绿色和深绿色。双折射率高，通常为0.018，最高为0.039。
4、褐色碧玺
多为镁碧玺，多色性明显，为深褐色到绿褐色。
5、双色碧玺
往往沿晶体的长轴方向分布的色带（双色、三色和多色），或呈同心带状分布的色带，通常内红外绿时称“西瓜碧玺”。
碧玺的质量可从重量、颜色、净度、切工几个方面进行。
1、颜色
以玫瑰红、紫红、绿色和纯蓝色为最佳，粉红和黄色次之，无色最次。
2、净度
要求内部瑕疵尽量少，晶莹无瑕的碧玺价格最高，含有许多裂隙和气液包裹体的碧玺通常用作玉雕材料。
3、重量
重量越大，价格越高。
4、切工
切工应规整，比例对称，抛光好。否则将会影响价值。
碧玺与大多数水晶一样，接触人气经人佩戴后，其光泽会更好，而且晶体会更加通透，一般佩戴在短时期内会有较明显的变化，所以同样等级的新买的碧玺是没有佩戴一段时间后的碧玺漂亮的；
碧玺的选择：碧玺大家经常会在销售水晶的地方见到，也有很多人认为其是水晶！其实其为宝石，而且是上等宝石
其成色容易辨别，主要看整体的清透度及含的的绵体程度，好的成色，非常的透彻，而且特别亮，让你感觉涂了一层油的似的！
没有任何宝石像碧玺这样有着如此丰富的色彩变化，从已知的古老年代的地中海区域，早在公元1703年荷兰人便已开始从斯里兰卡进口碧玺到欧洲。他们给这种新发现的矿石一个锡兰语的名字叫Tufamall，原义为何则不得而知。
纯粹单色的碧玺（Uni-colored）十分稀有，大部份的结晶都有多层的色度或甚至颜色完全不同，通常颜色都会分层展现。巴西生产一种内层为红色的碧玺，较内部的“皮”是白的，靠外圈的“皮”则是绿的。南非的碧玺则是绿色在内而外层是红的。一颗碧玺若内圈是红色的而外圈是绿色的，便称之为“西瓜碧玺（water-melon tourmaline）”。把切片的剖面加以抛光之后，这些配色和颜色变化就可以清楚地观察看出来。
猫眼碧玺也存在于多样的彩色中，但只有粉红与绿的种类，才会有强烈的猫眼光芒（Chatoyancy），这是由于包含了外来的结晶体的缘故。有些碧玺在人造的光源下也会显示出颜色的轻微变化。
经过加热以及随后的冷却，或施加压力，或于天气干燥的时候以丝或毛料加以摩擦，一颗碧玺结晶将会成为带电体。在垂直C轴的方向，其一端将产生正的静电，另一端则产生负的静电，而这将吸引一些灰尘微粒甚至小纸片，这便是碧玺的压电性（Piezoelectricity），目前用来量度空气或水中爆炸所产生的压力。第一批引进碧玺到欧洲的荷兰人就已经知道这种效果。他们使用一颗经过热处理的碧玺自他们的海泡石烟管中吸出烟灰来，并且称呼它为「aschentrekker」（意义近似吸出烟灰的工具）。
碧玺的矿床通常位于伟晶岩层（pegmatites）和冲积矿床（alluvial deposits）。最富生产力的矿床，除了斯里兰卡和马拉加西共和国（马达加斯加岛）以外，就是巴西。巴西产红、绿、蓝碧玺，而其不久前刚发现一种具有特殊颜色的碧玺叫「Paraiba」，其颜色与其它宝石都不同，绿带蓝，有如湖水绿，色泽既美丽又特别，但因产量稀少，所以价格十分昂贵，深得日本人喜爱。莫桑比克供给上等红色和双色碧玺。更多的矿床位在安哥拉、澳大利亚、缅甸（红碧玺）、印度、罗德西亚（新巴威共和国）、那米比亚、坦尚尼亚、泰国、俄国（尤其是乌拉山跟高加索山地区，多紫、红和蓝碧玺）和美国（加州以红碧玺最有名，缅因州则是红、绿和西瓜碧玺、其它如纽约州、康乃狄克州、科罗拉多州等也产碧玺）。至于欧洲，采集者在厄尔巴岛和瑞士发现了碧玺。此外，碧玺于清朝时曾输入中国，多用为一品或二品官员朝服帽子顶上装饰的宝石。
需求度最高的颜色是粉红色、鲜艳的红色和绿色，其中红色和绿色碧玺最为常见和流行，但只有深度中等而生动的色彩方属佳品，若颜色过深或过浅，价值便大为降低。含铬绿碧玺比红色碧玺较罕有，售价也略高。利用滤色器测试，含铬的碧玺会变成红色。由于碧玺有强烈的多色性，故必定得加以切割，通常切面会平行于主轴心C，但在浅色碧玺的情况下，为了获得较深的颜色，切面应垂直于主轴心C，这是因为碧玺在垂直C轴的方向是深色的，而平行C轴的方向则是淡色的。
大约加热到842- 1202℉/450-650℃左右，碧玺便能产生些微的颜色变化：绿碧玺变成祖母绿般的绿色，而红褐色碧玺则变成如火般的红色。一般而言，并没有人造合成的碧玺被商品化。由于颜色的丰富多样，碧玺常与其它天然宝石相混淆，特别是紫水晶（amethys）、红柱石（andalusite）、金绿玉（chrysoberyl）、黄水晶（citrine）、翠榴石（demantoid）、翠绿锂辉石（hiddenite）、橄榄石（peridot）、烟水晶（smoky quartz）、红宝石（ruby）、祖母绿（emerald）、合成的绿的尖晶石（synthetic green spinel）、桃色黄晶（pink topaz）、符山石（idocrase）、锆石（zircon）和一些玻璃仿制品。碧玺的重要的识别标示在于相当高的双折射率（double refraction）和强烈的多色性（pleochroism）。红碧玺和蛋白石都是十月的生日石。
译文
Tourmaline stones used as shorter history, but because of its bright color and rich in a high degree of transparency posed by the United States, it's time to come out on winning the people's favorite, known as the customs of the 10,000 kinds of precious stones. Palace of the Qing Dynasty in China, there are more accessories tourmaline. Now, tourmaline is a popular variety of mid-precious stones, stone birthday as October.
Tourmaline is a B-bearing characterized by complex borosilicate, for the chemical formula (Ca, K, Na) (Al, Fe, Li, Mg, Mn) 3 (Al, Cr, Fe, V)
6 (BO3) 3 (Si6O18) (OH, F) 4.
Tourmaline common points with two-color symbiotic, with its sub-parallel to the bottom with crystals can form a ring of the cylinder parallel.
Tourmaline transparency and gloss: transparent - translucent - non-transparent, shiny glass.
Optical characteristics: a grain or negative character.
LED: general non-fluorescent, pink tourmaline in the long and short-wave ultraviolet light under a weak fluorescent red to purple.
Optical effect: with a large number of parallel fiber line or air traffic control of the tourmaline stones arc cut into a cat's eye effect can be displayed. As the tube-like enclave is rough, cat's eye effect is usually poor.
Mechanical Properties
(1) and the cleavage fracture: cleavage, conchatus fracture. Triangular cross section surface ball.
(2) :7-8 hardness.
(3) the relative density: 3.06 (± 0.20, -0.60).
Different colors of tourmaline introduced
1, red - pink tourmaline
As the manganese and pink to red, multicolor and clear, pink to red. The highest value for the business known as the "double pink" tourmaline.
2, blue tourmaline
As the iron and blue, multicolor and clear from the weak, dark blue and light blue.
3, green tourmaline
As the elements of chromium and vanadium and green, multicolor and clear, light green and dark green. Two-high refractive index, usually 0.018, up to 0.039.
4, brown tourmaline
More magnesium tourmaline, multi-color and clear, dark brown to green to brown.
5, two-color tourmaline
Often along the long axis of the crystal orientation of the distribution of ribbon (two-color, tri-color and multi-color), were of one mind or zonal distribution of the ribbons, usually with infrared Green said, "watermelon tourmaline."
Tourmaline from the quality of weight, color, clarity, cut several ways.
1, color
Rose to red, purple, green and royal blue for the best, followed by pink and yellow, colorless at the most.
2, net degrees
Require a minimum of internal defects, perfect crystal of tourmaline the highest price, with many cracks and gas-liquid inclusions of tourmaline is usually used as a jade carving materials.
3, weight
The greater the weight, the higher the price.
4, cut
Cut should be structured, the proportion of symmetry, a good polishing. Otherwise, it will affect the value.
And the majority of tourmaline crystals, by the popularity of people wear contacts, its luster will be better and more transparent crystal, generally worn over a short period of time there will be significant changes, so the same level of new buying of Tourmaline Is not wearing a period of time after the tourmaline beautiful;
Tourmaline choice: we tourmaline crystals are often in sales where to see, there are a lot of people think it is crystal! In fact, for its precious stones, precious stones and first-class
Fineness of their easily identified, mainly to see the White Plus as a whole and with the degree of physical cotton, fineness good, very thorough, and in particular light, you feel a layer of oil coated the like!
There is no precious stones such as tourmaline has such a rich color changes from the known age of the oldest in the Mediterranean region as early as the year began in 1703 the Dutch imports from Sri Lanka tourmaline to Europe. They found that the new ore a Sinhalese name Tufamall, the original meaning is not known why.
The pure color tourmaline (Uni-colored) is very rare, most of the crystallization of all the multi-color or even an entirely different color, the color will usually show stratification. Brazil to produce a layer of red tourmaline, a more in-house "skin" is a white, on the outer ring of "skin" is green. South Africa is a green tourmaline, which is the outer layer of red. Tourmaline if an inner and outer ring is red is green, then known as the "watermelon tourmaline (water-melon tourmaline)". Slice of the section to be polished, these changes in color and the color can be clearly seen from the observation.
Cat Bi Yuxi was also present in a variety of color, but pink and green variety, have a strong eye shine (Chatoyancy), which is due to include the external crystal's sake. Some of tourmaline in the artificial light source may also show a slight color change.
After heating and subsequent cooling, or to put pressure on the dry weather or when silk or wool to be friction, a tourmaline crystal body will be charged. C in the vertical axis direction, which will result in one end is the static, while the other side of the negative static, and this will attract some of the dust particles and even small paper, which is of the piezoelectric Tourmaline of (Piezoelectricity), with the current To measure the air or the water pressure generated by the explosion. The introduction of the first batch of tourmaline to Europe, the Dutch have been aware of this effect. They use a heat treatment after the tourmaline from their meerschaum pipe tobacco smoke in the soot, and it called for "aschentrekker" (meaning similar to the suction tool of soot).
Tourmaline deposits are usually located in the pegmatite rock (pegmatites) and alluvial deposits (alluvial deposits). The most productive deposits, in addition to Sri Lanka and the Republic of Malagasy (Madagascar), is Brazil. Brazil producing red, green, blue tourmaline, and its recently discovered that a particular color of tourmaline is called "Paraiba", its color and other precious stones are all different, blue green, like Green Lake, is both beautiful and special color , But due to the scarcity of production, so prices are very high, the Japanese won the favorite. Mozambique and the supply of first-class two-color red tourmaline. More deposits in Angola, Australia, Myanmar (red tourmaline), India, Rhodesia (Babcock & Wilcox of the new Republic of), Namibia, Tanzania, Thailand, Russia (especially in the Urals with the Caucasus Hill, purple, blue and red tourmaline) and the United States (California, to the best-known red tourmaline, Maine is red, green and watermelon tourmaline, other states such as New York, Connecticut, Colorado, etc. Nissan also tourmaline). As for Europe, the acquisition in the island of Elba and Tourmaline discovered Switzerland. In addition, tourmaline input during the Qing Dynasty in China, with more than one or two items on top of official court dress hat decorated with precious stones.
Demand the highest degree of color is pink, bright red and green, red and green tourmaline is the most common and popular, but only middle-depth and vivid color to be the best, if the colors are too difficult or too shallow, then the value of large In order to lower. Chromium green tourmaline than red tourmaline, rarely, also slightly higher price. The use of filter test, the chromium will become a red tourmaline. As the tourmaline has a strong multi-color, it will certainly have to be cut, the cut will generally parallel to the axis of the heart C, but in the light-colored tourmaline, in order to obtain deeper color, cut should be perpendicular to the axis of the heart C, This is because the tourmaline in the C-axis vertical direction is dark, and the C-axis parallel to the direction of the light is.
Heated to about 842 - 1202 ℉ / 450-650 ℃ or so, will be able tourmaline have a slight change in color: green tourmaline into emerald-like green, brown and red tourmaline will be turned into a fiery red-like. In general, there is no man-made synthetic tourmaline be commercially exploited. Due to a variety of colors, tourmaline and often confused with other natural stones, particularly amethyst (amethys), andalusite (andalusite), chrysoberyl (chrysoberyl), citrine (citrine), Tsui garnet (demantoid), lithium green Pyroxene (hiddenite), olivine (peridot), Crystal smoke (smoky quartz), Ruby (ruby), emerald (emerald), the synthetic green spinel (synthetic green spinel), peach Jing (pink topaz) , Vesuvianite (idocrase), zircon (zircon) and a number of imitation glass. Tourmaline an important mark of recognition is very high refractive index double (double refraction) and strong pleochroism (pleochroism). Red tourmaline and October are the opal stone's birthday.
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