完形时态有哪几种 有什么区别

如题所述

现在完成时:从过去的某个时间点到说话这个时间点进行的某个动作.动作发生在过去,但是对现在产生了某些影响,侧重影响.
过去完成时:从过去的某个时间点A到过去某个时间点B(A一定早于B进行的某个动作.过去的过去,侧重于动作发生的时间.
将来完成时:从过去的某个时间点到将来的某个时间点进行的某个动作.

现在完成时构成
现在完成时构成:助动词 have (has)+动词的过去分词
二、现在完成时的用法”
1 、现在完成时的 " 完成用法 "
现在完成时的 " 完成用法 " 指的是动作发生在过去某一时刻并已结束,但该动作对现在产生了影响,与现在情况具有因果关系.例如: He has turned off the light. 他已把灯关了.( 动作结束于过去,但说明的是现在的情况 -- 灯现在不亮了. )
现在完成时 " 完成用法 " 的特点是动作不延续,因此,该时态只能与表示不定的过去时间状语 ( 如: already , yet , before , recently 等 ) 、频度时间状语 ( 如: never , ever , once 等 ) 、包括现在时刻在内的时间状语 ( 如: this morning / month / year... , today 等 ) 连用.例如: Have you found your pen yet ?你已找到你的钢笔了吗?
2 、现在完成时的 " 未完成用法 "
现在完成时的 " 未完成用法 " 指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻,一直延续到现在,或可能还要继续下去.例如: He has lived here since 1978. 自从 1978 年以来,他一直住在这儿. ( 动作起始于 1978 年,一直住到现在,可能还要继续住下去.) I have been in the army for more than 5 years. 我在部队已经呆了五年多了. ( 动作开始于 5 年前,一直延续至今,有可能还要继续下去. )
此种用法的句中常需一个表示一段时间的状语 ( 由 since 或 for 引导 ) ,或表示与现在时刻相连的时间状语 ( 如: up to now , so far 到目前为止 ) 等.例如: I have heard nothing from him up to now. 到目前为止我没有他的任何消息.
注意: (1) 现在完成时的未完成用法只适用于延续性动词,不可用于终止性动词,即瞬间完成或延续时间很短的动词.如: come , go , arrive , leave , join , become , die 等.(2) 现在完成时常见两种句型:①主语+ have / has been + for 短语 ② It is +一段时间+ since 从句 例如: He has been in the League for three years. 或 It is three years since he joined the League. 他入团已三年了.
3 、延续性动词和终止性动词的概念
英语中,动词按其动作发生的方式、动作发生过程的长短,可分为延续性动词和终止性动词.延续性动词表示能够延续的动作,这种动作可以延续下去或产生持久影响.如 : learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay 等.终止性动词也称非延续性动词、瞬间动词或短暂性动词,表示不能延续的动作,这种动作发生后立即结束.如 open, close, finish, begin, come, go, arrive, reach, get to, leave, move, borrow,buy 等.
4 、延续性动词的用法特征
(1). 延续性动词可以用于现在完成时,其完成时态可与表示 " 段时间 " 的状语连用.表示 " 段时间 " 的短语有: for two years, during the past three years, since last year, how long 等.如: I have learned English since I came here. 自从我来到这儿就学英语了.
(2). 延续性动词不能与表示短暂时间的 " 点时间 " 状语连用.如: It raind at eight yesterday morning.( 误 ) rain 为延续性动词,而 at eight 表示 " 点时间 " ,前后显然矛盾.如果用延续性动词表示一瞬间的动作,可以借助 come, begin, get 等终止性动词来表示.上句可改为: It began to rain at eight yesterday morning.( 正 ) 又如:
-When did you get to know Jack? -Two years ago.
-Then you've known each other for more than two years. -That's right.
5 、终止性动词的用法特征
(1). 终止性动词可用来表示某一动作完成,因此可用于现在完成时.如:
The train has arrived. 火车到了.
Have you joined the computer group? 你加入电脑小组了吗?
(2). 终止性动词表示的动作极其短暂,不能持续.因此,不可与表示一段时间的状语连用 ( 只限肯定式 ) .如:1) 他死了三年了. 误: He has died for three years.
正: He has been dead for three years. 正 : He died three years ago.
正 : It is three years since he died. 正 : Three years has passed since he died.
2) 他来这儿五天了. 误 : He has come here for five days.
正 : He has been here for five days. 正 : He came here five days ago.
正 : It is five days since he came here. 正 : Five days has passed since he came here.
[说明] 1) 、 2) 句中的 die 、 come 为终止性动词,不能与表示 " 段时间 " 的状语连用.那么,应如何正确表达呢?可以采用下面的四种方法:
(a) 将句中终止性动词转换为相应的延续性动词,如上面两例中的第一种正确表达方式.下面列举几例: leave→be away, borrow→keep, buy→have, begin/start→be on, die→be dead, move to→live in, finish→be over, join→be in/be a member of, open sth.→keep sth. open, fall ill→be ill, get up→be up, catch a cold→have a cold .
(b) 将句中表示 " 段时间 " 的状语改为表示过去确定时间的状语,如下面两例中的第二种正确表达方式.
(c) 用句型 "It is+ 段时间 +since..." 表达原意,如上面两例中的第三种正确表达方式.
(d) 用句型 " 时间 +has passed+since..." 表达原意,如上面两例中的第四种正确表达方式.
(3). 终止性动词可用于现在完成时否定式中,成为可以延续的状态,因而可与表示一段时间的状语连用.如 : He hasn't left here since 1986. I haven't heard from my father for two weeks.
(4). 终止性动词的否定式与 until/till 连用,构成 "not+ 终止性动词 +until/till ..." 的句型,意为 " 直到 …… 才 ……" .如: You can't leave here until I arrive. 直到我到了,你才能离开这里.I will not go to bed until I finish drawing the picture tonight. 今天晚上直到我画完画,我才上床睡觉.
(5). 终止性动词可以用于 when 引导的时间状语从句中,但不可以用于 while 引导的时间状语从句中. when 表示的时间是 " 点时间 "( 从句谓语动词用终止性动词 ) ,也可以是 " 段时间 "( 从句谓语动词用延续性动词 ) .而 while 表示的是一个较长的时间或过程,从句谓语动词用延续性动词.如 : When we reached London, it was twelve o'clock. (reach 为终止性动词 ) Please look after my daughter while/when we are away. (be away 为延续性动词短语 )
(6). 终止性动词完成时不可与 how long 连用 ( 只限于肯定式 ) .如:
误: How long have you come here?
正: How long have you been here?
正: When did you come here?
三、现在完成时与一般过去时的区别
1 、一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的事、存在的状态或经常发生的动作.说话的侧重点只在于陈述一件过去的事情,不强调对 " 现在 " 产生的影响.如:He visited Guilin in 1998. 他 1998 年参观过桂林. ( 只说明去桂林的时间 )
2 、现在完成时表示动作发生在过去,对现在造成了影响或产生了结果.不与确定的过去时间状语连用.如:Jill has bought a new computer. 吉尔买了一台新电脑. ( 着重点是现在有了一台新电脑 )
3 、两种时态的区分
(1) 一般过去时的谓语动词用过去式,而现在完成时的谓语基本构成是 " 助动词 have /has + 过去分词 " .如 : The film started at 7 o'clock. He has been a teacher for many years.
(2) 一般过去时通常与表示过去的时间状语连用.如 : yesterday, last week, two years ago, just now, in 2002 等 ; 而现在完成时则常与 just, already, ever, never 等副词和 these days, this week, since..., for... 等表示一段时间的状语连用.看看以下的几组句子,有什么区别?
① Have you seen the film?(A) Did you see the film?(B)
[说明] 你看过这部电影吗? (A) 句强调的是被问者对剧情是否了解; (B) 句强调的是看这部电影的动作是否发生过,并不强调是否知道其内容.
② He has lived in Beijing for 8 years.(A) He lived in Beijing for 8 years.(B)
[说明] 他在北京住了 8 年. (A) 句讲的是到目前为止他在北京住了 8 年,可能还会继续在北京住下去. (B) 句讲的是他在北京住过 8 年,现在不在北京了.
温馨提示:答案为网友推荐,仅供参考
第1个回答  2016-06-29
  1.现在完成时
  (1)现在完成时用来表示对目前状况仍有影响的,刚刚完成的动作(常与yet,already,just连用),或者过去某一时刻发生的,持续到现在的情况(常与for,since连用).例如:
  1)I have just finished my homework.
  2)Mary has been ill for three days.
  (2)常与现在完成时连用的时间状语有:since, for, during, over等引导出的短语;副词already, yet, just, ever, now, before, often, lately, recently等;状语词组this week (morning, month, year), so far, up to now, many times, up to the present等.例如:
  1)I haven’t been there for five years.
  2)So far, she hasn’t enjoyed the summer vacation.
  3)There have been a lot of changes since 1978.
  (3)完成时态可用在下列结构中:
  This (That, It) is (was) the first (second…) time +定语从句;This (That, It) is (was) the only (last) + n +定语从句;This (That, It) is (was) +形容词最高级+ n +定语从句.如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时,从句的谓语动词通常用现在完成时;如果主句谓语动词是一般过去时,从句谓语动词通常用过去完成时.例如:
  (1)This is one of the rarest questions that have ever been raised at such a meeting.
  (2)There was a knock at the door. It was the second time someone had interrupted me that evening.
  2.过去完成时
  (1)表示过去某时间前已经发生的动作或情况,这个过去的时间可以用by,before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示;或者表示一个动作在另一个过去动作之前已经完成.例如:
  1)We had just had our breakfast when Tom came in.
  2)By the end of last year they had turned out 5, 000 bicycles.
  (2)动词expect, hope, mean, intend, plan, suppose, wish, want, desire等用过去完成时,表示过去的希望、预期、意图或愿望等没有实现.例如:
  I had meant to take a good holiday this year, but I wasn’t able to get away.
  另外两种表示“过去想做而未做的事”的表达方式是:
  1)was / were + to have done sth,例如:
  We were to have come yesterday, but we couldn’t.
  2)intended (expected, hope, meant, planned, supposed, wished, wanted, desired) + to have done sth,例如:
  I meant to have told you about it, but I forgot to do so.
  (3)过去完成时常用于以下固定句型:
  1)hardly, scarcely, barely + 过去完成时+ when + 过去时.例如:
  Hardly had I got on the bus when it started to move.
  2)no sooner +过去完成时+ than +过去时.例如:
  No sooner had I gone out than he came to see me.
  3)by (the end of ) +过去时间,主句中谓语动词用过去完成时.例如:
  The experiment had been finished by 4 o’clock yesterday afternoon.
  3.将来完成时
  将来完成时表示在将来某一时刻将完成或在另一个未来的动作发生之前已经完成的动作;也可以用来表示一种猜测.常与将来完成时连用的时间状语有:by (the time / the end of ) +表示将来时间的短语和句子;before (the end of ) +表示将来时间的词语或句子;when, after等加上表示将来动作的句子等.例如:
  1)By this time tomorrow you will have arrived in Shanghai.
  2)I shall have finished this composition before 9 o’clock.
  3)When we get on the railway station, the train will probably have left.本回答被网友采纳
第2个回答  2016-06-29
简单说来,完成时态包括:
1、现在完成时
某状态或动作从过去某个时刻开始,直至目前刚刚完成;
2、过去完成时
某状态或动作从过去某个时刻开始,直至过去另一个时刻刚刚完成
3、将来完成时
某动作或状态从现在或过去某个时刻开始,预计到将来某个时刻结束。
第3个回答  2016-06-29
完成时态 包括现在完成时,过去完成时和将来完成时
现在完成时: I’ve been here for two weeks already、
过去完成时:They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel.
将来完成时:He will have learned ten thousand words by the end of this year
第4个回答  2016-06-30
现在完成时:从过去到现在
过去完成时:从过去到现在,发生的结果对现在没有影响
现在完成进行时:从过去到现在,还可以到将来