从句按其在主句中的句法功能可分为三类,即名词性从句、形容词性从句(即定语从句)和副词性从句(即状语从句).引导从句的词称作关联句。
名词性从句包括主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句.引导这些名词性从句的关联词包括:
从属连词that,if,whether;
连接代词who,whoever,whom,whomever,which,whichever,what,whatever,whose;
连接副词where,when,why,how.
其中,从属连词只起连接作用,在从句中不充当任何句法成分,而连接代词和连接副词既起连接作用,在从句中又充当一定的成分。
That
Owen
should
have
married
his
cousin
is
not
at
all
surprising.
The
fact
is
that
he
didn't
go
to
the
dinner
party.
I
don't
know
if
he
will
attend
the
meeting.
你听说玛丽要和汤姆结婚的消息了吗?(that引导同位语从句)
1.在含有主语从句的复合句中,为保持句子平衡,常用it作形式主语,而将真正的主语从句置于句末。
It's
well
known
that
water
is
indispensable
to
life.
2.为保持句子平衡,that引导的宾语从句也常用it代替,而将真正的宾语从句置于主句句末.这常常出现在主句有形容词或分词作宾语补足语的情况下。
He
made
it
quite
clear
that
he
preferred
to
live
here.
3.从属连词whether和if都作“是否…”解,但if不可引导主语从句和表语从句.whether可与or(not)连用,而if不可以。
I
don't
know
whether
(if)
she
is
at
home.
Whether
she
comes
or
not
makes
no
difference.
4.that和what引导名词性从句的区别:that在从句中不充当成分,而what在从句中充当一定的成分,如主语、表语、宾语等.that可省略,what则不可省。
He
always
means
what
he
says.
She
suggested
(that)
he
do
it
at
once.
5.同位语从句大多由从属连词that引导,常跟在下列名词后面,如fact,idea,opinion,news,hope,belief等,that不可省,一般用来解释说明这些名词的具体含义和内容。
We
are
familiar
with
the
idea
that
all
matter
consists
of
atoms.
The
news
that
we
are
invited
to
the
conference
is
very
encouraging.
2．
分析引导词的句法作用以区别从句的种类.that这个词既可引导同位语从句,又可引导定语从句,这种两种从句从形式和结构上看特别相似,如何区分呢?区分that引导的是同位语从句还是定语从句的方法是,看that在从句中是否充当句子成分,若that在从句中不充当任何成分,则为同位语从句；若that在从句中充当主语或宾语,则为定语从句。
3．
根据被修饰词来判断从句的种类.定语从句常常修饰一些具有实际意义的名词,如：the
film；the
student；the
book；a
house等等.而同位语从句常常修饰一些表示抽象概念的名词,如fact、idea、promise、truth等,用来说明这些名词所表示的具体内容.状语从句在句子中常用来修饰谓语动词。
4．根据从句前词的词性来判断从句的种类.宾语从句分两种：动词的宾语从句、介词的宾语从句.宾语从句前肯定是动词或介词.定语从句是用来修饰名词或代词的,所以其前一定是一个名词或代词。
5．根据上下文意义和结构形式上区分从句的种类.如so
that即可引导目的状语从句,又可引导结果状语从句,如何区分呢?主要从以下两点来区分.①根据上下文意义判断。“以便……”表示目的,是目的状语从句,“以致于……”,“结果……”表示结果,是结果状语从句.②从结构形式上来分辨.so
that前有逗号,为结果状语从句,反之,则为目的状语从句。
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