机械翻译

4. Re-designoftherivettools Fig. 11 showsthemajorcomponentsofaconventionalrivet hammer.Thevibrationofarivethammerisgeneratedattwo
hits theslidingairvalveandtheslidingairvalvehitsattherearend of thebarrel.Therefore,inordertoreducethevibrationtransmitted tothehumanoperator,vibrationcontrolmeasuresmustbeapplied tothesetwoplaces.Theergonomicandmechanicalmodifications madeontherivethammerwereasfollows: _ Movethehandletothepositionwherethecenterofgravityof the hammerislocated.Thiswillsignificantlyreducethe bending momentactingontheoperator’swristjoint.
Changetheangleofthehandlefromapproximately901 of a conventionalhammertoapproximately701 to aligntheaxisof the forearmandhand. _ Insert a‘‘nosebushing’’tothetipofthecylinder.Fora conventionalrivethammer,thecylinderhasaninnerdiameter about thesamediameteroftherivetset.Byenlargingtheinner
diameterofthecylinderandinsertingarubber-basebushing, about 2.5cm(1.0in)inlength,intothefrontendofthecylinder as shownin Fig. 12, adampingdeviceisplacedatthemost critical locationofthehammer. _ Add adampedrecoillessspringattherearendofthecylinder. Twotypesofdesignsweremanufacturedandfieldtestedas shownin Fig. 13(a) and(b).Type‘‘a’’wasanembeddedspring with aspecialpolymerthatwasdevelopedspeciallytomeet the temperatureandfrequencyrequirementsoftheoperation. The springwasmoldedwiththepolymerduringtheprocess and themoldhadtobecutopentoreleasetheembedded spring. ItwasproducedbytheRubberDevelopmentCo. locatedatLosAngels,CA,USA.Type‘‘b’’wasdevelopedby the 3MCorporation,USA,anditisaco-axialsheardamping device whichisadoptedforitseffectivenessaswellastheease of manufacturing.Itissimplyahollowcylinderfilledwith polymerdampingmaterialandasteelshaftembeddedinthe centerofthecylinder. _ Add arubbercushionattheendoftheslidingairvalve. Therefore,theaccelerationfromthepistoncanbereduced after ithitstheslidingairvalve. _ Add adampingcoatingtothesurfaceofthecylindertoreduce the transmittedvibrationfromthecylindertothehousingof the handle. Conventionalbuckingbarsarehardenedsteelbarswithoneor morepolishednormalsurfaces.Whenthebuckingbarisheld against theendofrivetshank,mostofthetransmittedenergyis consumed atthecontactpointtoflattentherivetshank.The person whoisholdingthebuckingbar,unfortunately,absorbsthe restoftheenergy. The ergonomicandmechanicalmodificationsmadeonthe buckingbarwere _ Changethesquareedgesofaconventionalbuckingbarintoa cylindricalshapethatwithadiameterof63.5mm(2.5in)can fit comfortablywithinahuman’spalm. _ Use apolisheddollyheadwithastemandadoublecylinder design toreplaceflatsurfacesofthebuckingbar.Basedonthe job requirement,theoperatorcanexchangeadifferentdolly head orthesizeofthehandle. _ Insert the3Mdampingdevice,asintherivethammer,intothe inner cylinderofthebuckingbar.

4. 铆钉工具的重新设计
图11 示出了一个常规铆钉锤的主要元件。铆钉锤的振动在两种场合下会发生:1)当铆钉工具返回并由于铆钉的反作用力而撞击圆柱前端时;2)活塞撞击滑移的气阀,而滑移的气阀撞击在筒体的后端。因此,为了减小传递到操作人员的振动,必须在这两处采用振动控制措施。对铆钉锤做出的人类工程学和机械的改进如下:
•将手柄移到铆钉锤所处重力中心位置。这将大大降低作用在操作人员腕关节上的弯曲力矩。
•将手柄的角度从常规铆钉锤的大约90度改变成约70度,以对准前臂和手的轴线。
•在气缸的端部插入一个“头部套管”。与常规铆钉锤来说,气缸的内径约和铆钉工具的相同。通过放大气缸的内径,并在气缸的前端插入一个大约2.5cm(1.0in.)长的橡胶基的套管,如图12所示,在铆钉锤最关键的位置放置一个阻尼装置。
•在气缸的后端加一个受阻尼的、无反冲的弹簧。我们制造了两种设计结构,并进行了现场试验,如图13(a)和(b)所示。第一种是埋置的弹簧,它采用专门研制的特殊聚合物来满足工作温度和频率的要求。该弹簧在加工过程中用聚合物模塑而成,模具必须切开以释放出埋置的弹簧。它是由位于美国加州洛杉矶的Rubber Development Co.生产的。第二种由美国的3M公司研制,它是一种同轴的剪切阻尼装置,它的采用是因为其有效而容易制造。它只是一个空心的圆筒(缸),其中充满了聚合物阻尼材料,圆筒的中心则埋置钢质的杆身。
•在滑动气阀的一端加上橡胶的缓冲垫。因此,来自活塞的加速度可以在活塞撞击滑动气阀后被减小。
•在气缸表面加一层阻尼涂层,以减小从气缸到手柄外壳传递的振动。
常规的铆钉顶棒是淬硬的钢棒,带有一个或几个经抛光的法向面。当铆钉顶棒被保持抵在铆钉体末端时,大多数传递过来的能量在使铆钉体展平的接触点处被消耗。正手持铆钉顶棒的人不幸吸收了剩余的能量。对铆钉顶棒做出的人类工程学和机械的改进为:
•将常规铆钉顶棒的方形边缘改成直径为63.5 mm(2.5 in)的圆柱形,从而能舒适地配合进人的手掌中。
•采用经过抛光的、带杆(stem)和双杠结构的铆顶头,取代铆钉顶棒的平坦表面。根据职责要求,操作人员可以更换不同的铆顶头或手柄的尺寸。
•就像在铆钉锤中一样,将3M公司的阻尼装置插入铆钉顶棒的内缸中。
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