机械专业英语翻译成中文（急）

Question

软件直接托的不要，要人工的。辛苦大家了
3.2. THE EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH

3.2.1 The Equipment

A drawbench (Fig. <2>) may be used to measure the force required in wire drawing. The
workpiece, the rod passing through the die, has its front end, the narrow end, held by grips. The
grips are pulled by a hydraulic system - a cylinder with piston - or by other means. The force
applied is transmitted through a load cell (Fig. <3>). In a load cell strain gauges are applied to
the tensile rod to produce a Wheatstone bridge in which the voltage differential, properly
calibrated, provides a measure of the drawing force. For details see Reference [1].

2.2 Recording of the Readings

The measure of drawing force is produced
continuously on a recorder, or on an
oscillograph as a function of grip
displacement, i.e., length of wire drawn.
Updated instrumentation may digitize
the force vs. displacement readings and record them on tape, disk, or other memory unit on a
microcomputer. Figure <4> represents a record of a single run of a wire through a die. With the
application of motion to the hydraulic piston, the load on the wire rises; the steep slope of the
curve, due to the elastic stretching of the system with increasing force, and other factors, such as
the settling of the ridges of the grips biting into the workpiece, occurs before any wire is drawn
through the die. The peak of the curve is due to two factors. One comprises the inertia forces;
the sudden application of force accelerates the wire from standstill to full speed in a short time.
Another cause of the peak is that at standstill and slow speeds, friction is higher than friction at
fully developed speeds. As the inertia force subsides and friction reduces, the drawing force
drops to its steady-state constant value for the constant speed drawing. This measure of steady-
state drawing force should ordinarily be taken as the force reading. When the drawing force is
divided by the cross-section area of the wire emerging from the die, the result is the drawing
stress for the specific combination of reduction, cone angle, and friction.

Answer 1

3.2. THE EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH
3.2 实验途径
3.2.1 The Equipment
3.2.1 设备
A drawbench (Fig. <2>) may be used to measure the force required in wire drawing. 可以用一台冷拔机（图2）来测量拉丝所需的力。The workpiece, the rod passing through the die, has its front end, the narrow end, held by grips. 把通过模具的工件（金属杆）的前端，即窄的一端，用夹具保持住。The grips are pulled by a hydraulic system - a cylinder with piston - or by other means. 夹具由液压系统（一套带活塞的液压缸）或其他方法牵引。The force applied is transmitted through a load cell (Fig. <3>). 施加的力通过一个负荷传感器传递（图3）。In a load cell strain gauges are applied to the tensile rod to produce a Wheatstone bridge in which the voltage differential, properly calibrated, provides a measure of the drawing force. For details see Reference [1]. 在负荷传感器中，应变规被加到拉伸杆上，以产生一个惠斯登电桥，其中被很好定标的电压差动就提供了拉丝力的量度。关于详细情况，参见文献【1】。
2.2 Recording of the Readings
2.2 读数的记录
The measure of drawing force is produced continuously on a recorder, or on an oscillograph as a function of grip displacement, i.e., length of wire drawn. 拉丝力的量度是作为夹具位移（即被拉金属丝的长度）的函数，在记录仪上或示波器上连续产生的。 Updated instrumentation may digitize the force vs. displacement readings and record them on tape, disk, or other memory unit on a microcomputer. 现代化的仪器可以使力和位移关系的读数数字化，并将它们记录到磁带、硬盘或微机的其他存储装置上。Figure <4> represents a record of a single run of a wire through a die. 图4示出了金属丝单程通过模具的记录。With the application of motion to the hydraulic piston, the load on the wire rises; the steep slope of the curve, due to the elastic stretching of the system with increasing force, and other factors, such as the settling of the ridges of the grips biting into the workpiece, occurs before any wire is drawn through the die. 随着向液压活塞施加运动，金属丝上的负荷就上升；在任何金属丝被拉丝通过模具之前就会发生以下现象，即曲线出现很陡的斜率，这是因为系统随着力的增加出现弹性伸长，以及其他因素的关系，这些因素包括夹具脊的固定咬入工件等。The peak of the curve is due to two factors. 曲线的峰是由于两个因素。One comprises the inertia forces; the sudden application of force accelerates the wire from standstill to full speed in a short time. 一个是惯性力；力的突然施加加快了金属丝在短时间内从静止到全速的速度。Another cause of the peak is that at standstill and slow speeds, friction is higher than friction at fully developed speeds. 曲线峰的另一个起因是，在静止和低速下的磨擦要高于全速前进速度下的磨擦。As the inertia force subsides and friction reduces, the drawing force drops to its steady-state constant value for the constant speed drawing. 随着惯性力的下降和磨擦的降低，拉丝力降到其恒速拉丝时的稳态恒定值。This measure of steady- state drawing force should ordinarily be taken as the force reading. 稳态拉丝力的这一度量通常应被取作力的读数。When the drawing force is divided by the cross-section area of the wire emerging from the die, the result is the drawing stress for the specific combination of reduction, cone angle, and friction. 当拉丝力除以从模具中出来的金属丝的横截面时，其结果就是缩小量、锥角和磨擦特定组合下的拉丝应力。

Answer 2

3.2. 实验方法

3.2.1 设备

拉丝机（图<2>）可用来测量拉丝所需的力。通过模具的工件棒的前端和较窄的一端被夹住。用液压系统（带有活塞的汽缸）或其它方法来拉夹具。所施的力通过测压元件（图<3>）传导。测压元件内用压力计对拉伸棒施压以产生惠斯通电桥，它会产生电压差，电压差经过适当校准后可提供拉拔力的测量值。详情请参见参考材料[1]。

2.2 记录读数

拉拔力的测量值在记录仪上持续产生，或作为夹具位移（即金属丝被拉伸的长度）在示波器上显示。
更新的仪表可将拉拔力对位移读数数字化并记录在磁带、磁盘或微电脑的其它存储设备上。图<4>显示了金属丝单次通过模具的记录值。在液压活塞运动应用中，金属丝上的负载增大；由增大的力及其它因素，如夹具咬住工件的接合处，使系统弹性拉升而产生了曲线中的陡坡，这个陡坡会发生在金属丝通过模具被拉伸以前。曲线的峰值是由两个因素产生的。一个是惯性力；突然施加的力在短时间内使金属丝从静止加速到高速。
另一个产生峰值的原因是在静止和低速时，摩擦力比达到高速后的摩擦力大。由于惯性消失后摩擦力减小，拉拔力降到稳态的恒定值，即恒定速度拉拔力。这种稳态拉拔力的测量值应作为正常的力读数。当拉拔力除以从模具中出来的金属丝的横截面时，得出的结果就是特定的减速度、模角和摩擦力组合下的拉拔应力。