英语语法

如题所述

英语语法知识难点解读
    一、 一般现在时
  1.概念:表示经常发生的情况;有规律出现的情况;总是发生的;和事实真理。   2.时间状语: Always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month…), once a week(day, year, month…), on Sundays(on Mondays …),   3.基本结构:动词 原形 (如主语为第三人称单数,动词上要改为第三人称单数形式)   4.否定形式:主语+am/is/are +not+其他; 此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词,则在其前加don't, 如主语为第三人称单数,则用doesn't,同时还原行为动词。   5.一般疑问句:把be动词放于句首;用助动词do提问,如主语为第三人称单数,则用does,同时,还原行为动词。   6.例句:It seldom snows here.这里很少下雪。   He is always ready to help others.他总是乐于帮助别人。   Action speaks louder than words.事实胜于雄辩。
二、 一般过去时
  1.概念:过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态;过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。   2.时间状语:ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week, last(year, night, month…), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc.   3.基本结构:主语+动词或be的过去时+名词   4.否定形式:主语+was/were +not+其他;在行为动词前加didn't,同时还原行为动词。   5.一般疑问句:was或were放于句首;用助动词do的过去式did 提问,同时还原行为动词。   6.例句:She often came to help us in those days.那些天她经常来帮助我们。   I didn't know you were so busy.我不知道你是这么忙。
三、 一般将来时
  1.概念:表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。   2.时间状语:Tomorrow, next day(week, month, year…),soon, in a few minutes, by…,the day after tomorrow, etc.   3.基本结构:主语+am/is/are +going to + do+其它;主语+will/shall + do+其它   4.否定形式:主语+am/is/are not going to do ;主语+will/shall not do+其它   5.一般疑问句:be放于句首;will/shall提到句首。 {首字母大写}   6.例句:They are going to have a competition with us in studies.他们将有一场比赛和我们一起研究。   It is going to rain.天要下雨了。
四、 一般过去将来时
  1.概念:立足于过去某一时刻,从过去看将来,常用于宾语从句中。   2.时间状语:The next day (morning, year…),the following month(week…),etc.   3.基本结构:主语+was/were +going to + do+其它;主语+would/should + do+其它   4.否定形式:主语+was/were+not + going to + do; 主语+would/should + not + do.   5.一般疑问句:was或were放于句首;would/should 提到句首。   6.例句:He said he would go to Beijing the next day.他说他第二天要去北京。   I asked who was going there.我问,谁要去那里。
五、 现在进行时
  1.概念:表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。   2.时间状语:Now, at this time, days, etc. look. listen   3.基本结构:主语+be +doing +其它   4.否定形式:主语+be +not +doing+其它   5.一般疑问句:把be动词放于句首。   6.例句:How are you feeling today?你今天感觉如何?   He is doing well in his lessons.在课上他表现得很好。
六、 过去进行时
  1.概念:表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。   2.时间状语:at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。   3.基本结构 主语+was/were +doing +其它   4.否定形式:主语+was/were + not +doing+其它   5.一般疑问句:把was或were放于句首。(第一个字母大写)   6.例句:At that time she was working in a PLA unit.那段时间她在人民解放军部队工作。   When he came in, I was reading a newspaper.他进来时,我正在读报纸。
七、 将来进行时
  1.概念:表示将来某一时间正在进行的动作,或表示要在将来某一时间开始,并继续下去的动作。常用来表示询问、请求等。   2.时间状语:Soon, tomorrow, this evening,on Sunday, by this time,in two days, tomorrow evening   3.基本结构:主语+shall/will + be +现在分词+其它   4.否定形式:主语+shall/will + not + be +现在分词+其它   5.例句:This time next day they will be sitting in the cinema.下一天的这个时间,他们正坐在电影院。   He won’t be coming to the party.他不去参加聚会了。
八、 过去将来进行时
  1.概念:表示就过去某一时间而言,将来某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作,主要用于宾语从句中,尤其多用于间接引语中。   2.基本结构:should/would + be +现在分词   3.例句:They said they would be coming.他们说了他们将要来。   He said he could not come because he would be having a meeting.他说他不能来因为要开会。
九、 现在完成时
  1.概念:过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,或从过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态。   2.时间状语:yet,already,just,never,ever,so far,by now,since+时间点,for+时间段,recently, lately, in the past few years, etc.   3.基本结构:主语+have/has +p.p(过去分词)+其它   4.否定形式:主语+have/has + not +p.p(过去分词)+其它   5.一般疑问句:have或has放句首。   6.例句:I've written an article.我已经写了一篇论文。   The countryside has changed a lot in the past few years.在过去的几年,农村发生了巨大的变化。
十、 过去完成时
  1.概念:以过去某个时间为标准,在此以前发生的动作或行为,或在过去某动作之前完成的行为,即“过去的过去”。   2.时间状语:Before, by the end of last year (term, month…), etc.   3.基本结构:主语+had + p.p(过去分词)+其它 4.否定形式:主语+had + not +p.p(过去分词)+其它   5.一般疑问句:had放于句首。   6.例句:As soon as we got to the station, the train had left.当我们到车站的时候,火车已经开走了。   By the end of last month, we had reviewed four books.到上个月底,我们已经复习了四本书。   基本结构:主语+had+p.p(过去分词)+其它   ①肯定句:主语+ had+p.p(过去分词)+其它   ②否定句:主语+ had+ not+p.p(过去分词)+其它   ③一般疑问句:Had+主语+p.p(过去分词)+其它   ④特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句
十一、 将来完成时
  1.概念:在将来某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态   2.时间状语:by the time of; by the end of+时间短语(将来);by the time+从句(将来)   3.基本结构:主语+be going to/will/shall + have+p.p(过去分词)+其它   4例句:By the time you get back, great changes will have taken place in this area.到你回来的时候,就将发生巨大的变化。
十二、 过去将来完成时
  1.概念:表示在过去某一时间对将来某一时刻以前所会发生的动作,常用在虚拟语气中,表示与过去的事实相反。   2.基本结构:should/would have done sth.   3.例句:I thought you'd have left by this time.我想这会儿你已经走了。   He told them he would have finished it by 8 o'clock.他告诉他们他会在8点以前干完。
十三、 现在完成进行时
  1.概念:表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作。这一动作可能刚刚开始,也可能仍在继续,并可能延续到将来。   2.基本结构:主语+have/has +been +doing+其它   3.时间状语:since+时间点,for+时间段等。   4.例子:I have been sitting here for an hour.我已经在这里坐了一个小时。   The children have been watching TV since six o'clock.从6点起,孩子们一直看电视。
十四、 过去完成进行时
  1.概念:表示某个正在进行的动作或状态,持续到过去某个时刻,还未完成,一直持续到之后的当前才结束。   2.基本结构:主语+ had + been + doing +其它   3.例子:She had been suffering from a bad cold when she took the exam.她在考试之前一直患重感冒。   Had they been expecting the news for some time?他们期待这个消息有一段时间了吧?   4.特殊含义:①尚未完成:He had been writing the novel.他已经在写小说了。(他没写完)   ②企图:He had been studying the meaning of this proverb.他曾经学习过这个谚语。(他曾努力学习过它)   ③未得结果:We had been studying what our enemy had said.我们一直致力于敌人所说的。(但是我们没有理解)   ④最近情况:He had been quarrelling with his wife.他和他的妻子吵了一场架。(最近)   ⑤反复动作:He had been asking me the same question.他一直问我相同的问题。(屡次)   ⑥情绪:What had he been doing?他做了什么?(不耐烦)
十五、 将来完成进行时
  1.概念:表示动作从某一时间开始一直延续到将来某一时间。是否继续下去,要视上下文而定。   2.基本结构:shall/will have been doing   3.例子:I shall have been working here in this factory for twenty years by the end of the year.到今年年底,我将在这个工厂工作20年了。   If we don't hurry up the store will have been closing before we get there. 咱们如不快一点儿,等我们到了那儿,店门就会关了。
十六、 过去将来完成进行时
  1.概念:表示从过去某时看至未来某时以前会一直在进行的动作。   2.基本结构:should/would + have + been +现在分词   3.例子:He told me that by the end of the year he would have been living there for thirty years.他告诉我,到年底时,他就在那住了30年了。   一、 被动语态的用法:   1. 一般现在时的被动语态构成:is / am / are + 及物动词的过去分词   Our classroom is cleaned everyday. 我们教室每天都被打扫。   I am asked to study hard. 我被告知要努力学习。   Knives are used for cutting things. 刀是用来切东西的。   2. 一般过去时的被动语态构成:was / were + 及物动词的过去分词   A new shop was built last year. 去年修了一座新商店。   Dinosaur eggs were laid long long ago. 恐龙蛋被放置了很久很久。   3. 一般将来时的被动语态构成:will+ be + 及物动词的过去分词   A new hospital will be built in our city. 我们城市将要修建一家新医院。   Many more trees will be planted next year. 明年会种更多的树。   4. 现在进行时的被动语态构成:am / is / are + being + 及物动词的过去分词   Uncle Wang is mending my bike now.→   My bike is being repaired by Tom now. 王叔叔正在修理我的自行车。   They are planting trees over there. →   Trees are being planted over there by them. 他们在那里种植的树木。   5. 现在完成时的被动语态构成:has / have + been + 及物动词的过去分词   This book has been translated into many languages. 这本书被翻译成多种文字。   Many man-made satellites have been sent up into space by many countries. 在许多国家有许多人造卫星被送上了太空。   6.过去进行时的被动语态构成:was/were + being + 及物动词的过去分词   The boy was being operated on when his parents hurried to the hospital.当他的父母赶到医院的时候这个男孩正在做手术。   The new road was being made.这条新路正在修筑。   7.过去完成时的被动语态构成:had + been + 及物动词的过去分词   The classroom hadn’t been cleaned before the teacher came. 在老师来之前,教室尚未打扫。   The tickets had been sold out before I came to the cinema.在门票被销售一空前我赶到了电影院。   8.将来完成时的被动语态构成:shall/will + have done   They will have been married for 20 years by then. 届时,他们结婚将满20周年。   The project will have been completed before May.该项目将在五月前完成。   9.含有情态动词的被动语态构成:情态动词+ be + 及物动词的过去分词   Young trees must be watered often. 小树需要经常浇水。   Your mistakes should be corrected right now. 你应该现在就改正你的错误。   The door may be locked inside. 这扇门可以反锁。   Your homework can be handed in tomorrow. 你的家庭作业可以明天交。   二、 怎样把主动语态改成被动语态?   把主动语态改为被动语态非常简单,可以遵循以下几个步骤:   1. 先找出谓语动词;   2. 再找出谓语动词后的宾语;   3. 把宾语用作被动语态中的主语;   4. 注意人称、时态和数的变化。   例:1. Bruce writes a letter every week. →A letter is written by Bruce every week. 布鲁斯每星期写一封信。   2. Li Lei mended the broken bike this morning.→The broken bike was mended by Li Lei this morning. 李雷今天上午在修理坏的自行车。   3. He has written two novels so far.→Two novels have been written by him so far. 至今他已写了两部小说。   4. They will plant ten trees tomorrow.→Ten trees will be planted by them tomorrow. 他们明天将要种植十棵树。   5. Lucy is writing a letter now.→A letter is being written by Lucy now. 露西正在写信。   6. You must lock the door when you leave.→the door must be locked when you leave. 当你离开的时候你必须把门锁上。
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第1个回答  2011-12-03
1、介词at,in与on在时间方面的用法 at表示时间的一点;in表示一个时期;on表示特殊日子。如: He goes to school at seven o’clock in the morning. 他早晨七点上学。 Can you finish the work in two days. 你能在两天内完成这个工作吗? Linda was born on the second of May. 琳达五月二日出生。
1>. at后常接几点几分,天明,中午,日出,日落,开始等。如: at five o’clock (五点),at down (黎明),at daybreak (天亮),at sunrise (日出),at noon (中午),at sunset (日落),at midnight (半夜),at the beginning of the month (月初), at that time (那时),at that moment (那会儿),at this time of day (在一天的这个时候)。
2>. in后常接年,月,日期,上午,下午,晚上,白天,季节,世纪等。如: in 2006(2006年),in May,2004 (2004年五月),in the morning (早晨/上午),in the afternoon (下午),in the evening (晚上),in the night (夜晚),in the daytime (白天),in the 21st century (21世纪),in three days (weeks/month)三天(周/个月),in a week (一周),in spring (春季)。
3>. on后常接某日,星期几,某日或某周日的朝夕,节日等。如: on Sunday (星期日),on a warm morning in April (四月的一个温暖的上午),on a December night (12月的一个夜晚),on that afternoon (那天下午),on the following night (下一个晚上),on Christmas afternoon (圣诞节下午),on October 1,1949 (1949年10月1日),on New Year’s Day (新年),on New Year’s Eve (除夕),on the morning of the 15th (15日的早上)等。

2、 巧记形容词的排列顺序:记住opshacom这个为帮助记忆而杜撰的词, 就能掌握英语中形容词排列的顺序。 opshacom中p代表opinion,指表示人们观点的形容 词,如beautiful,horrible,lovely,nice等; sh代表shape,指表示形状的形容词,如long,short,round, narrow等; a代表age,指表示年龄、时代的形容词,如old,new,young等; c代表colour,指表示颜色的形容词,如red,black, orange等; o代表origin,指表示国籍、地区的形容词,如british,canadian,german等; m代表material,指表示材料的形容词,如plastic,metal,aluminium等。
1>请根据形容词排列规则完成以下练习:
(1).she has a ___ jacket.(leather,brown,beautiful) (2).he has a ___ car. (american,long,red)(3).they live in a ___ house. (old,beautiful) (4).we have a ___ table. (antique,small,wooden) (5).he has a ___ jumper. (woollen, lovely, red) (6).she has a ___ ring. (diamond,new,fabulous)(7).it was a ___ song.(french,old, lovely) (8).he owns a ___ dog.(black,horrible,big) (9).she bought a ___ scarf.(gorgeous,silk,pink)

一、一般现在时主要用于: 1 、表示经常性或习惯性动作。 e.g. It seldom snows here. 2 、表示现在的特征或状态。 e.g. He is always ready to help others. 3 、普遍真理。 e.g. Action speaks louder than words. 4 、剧情图片介绍,背景说明,动作解说。 e.g. (Tom enters the room_and_sits at the table) Doctor : What`s your trouble, young man? Tom : I`ve caught a cold, doctor. 5 、时间、条件、让步、方式状语从句表将要发生的动作时。 e.g. Tomorrow we shall go for an outing unless it rains. 与这种时态连用的时间状语常有: always, often, never, seldom, usually, once, a week, now 等。

二、一般过去时主要用于: 1 、表示过去某个时间发生的动作或情况(包括习惯性的动作或状态) e.g. When did you read the novel? She often came to help us in those days. 2 、谈到过去的情况时 e.g. I didn`t know you were so busy. 3 、谈到已死人的情况时 e.g. Lei Feng was a great communist fighter. 与这个时态连用的时间状语常有: yesterday, last night, the other day, two months ago, in 1985, then, just now, when, after, as soon as 引导的时间状语从句,表示主句动作开始的时间。

三、现在完成时主要用于: 1 、表示到现在为止这一时期中发生的动作或情况,即多次动作的总和。 e.g. We have learnt four English songs this month. How many times have you read the novel? For many days we haven`t seen each other. 2 、表示对现在有影响的某一已发生的动作。 e.g. The delegation has left 代表团已经走了(说明现在不在这里) Look, what you have done. 看你干的事。 与这一时态连用的时间状语有: already, yet, just, ever, never, by now, so far, recently, by the end of this month, since, for 短语,连词 since 引导的时间状语从句。

**一般过去时与现在完成时的区别: 一般过去时:重在说明动作在过去发生时的具体情况(时间、地点、方式、对象、细节等)。 现在完成时:只提起已发生的动作(事实)及其影响,不说明动作发生时的具体情况。 cf. Have you had your lunch? What did you have for lunch? I have ever been to the Great Wall,_and_I went there last summer with my father. 注:现在完成时表达的动作常具有反复性,故下面一句是错的: Have you seen the six thirty`s news program? 应改为: Did you see the six thirty`s news program?

四、现在完成进行时主要用于:表示过去开始的某一动作一直持续到现在,以至延伸到将来,它强调动作延续时间之长久。 e.g. I`ve been writing an article. 我一直在写一篇文章。(还在写) cf. I`ve written an article. 我写了一篇文章。(已写完) It has been raining these days. 这些天一直在下雨。

五、过去完成时 1 、过去完成时是一个相对时态,表示过去的过去,只有在两个过去发生的动作相比较时才可显示出来。 e.g. As soon as we got to the station, the train had left. 注:主从句表达的动作紧接时,即两动作发生的时间没有明显时间上的悬殊或空档时,主从句都可用一般过去时。 e.g. Where did your brother study before he joined the army? 2 、过去完成时可表示截止过去某一时间动作的总或动作的结束。 e.g. By the end of last month. We had reviewed four books By eight o`clock, he had finished his homework. 与这个时态连用的时间状语常有: by 1985, by eight o`clock, by then, by the end of last month, by the time when, when, as soon as, before 等连词引导的时间状语从句,表示主句动作结束的时间。

六、现在进行时主要用于: 1 、表示现在或现阶段正在进行的动作。 e.g. Listen, someone is crying. What are you doing these days? 2 、代替一般现在时,表示经常性动作或状态,而含有某种感情色彩。 e.g. How are you feeling today? 你今天感觉怎样?(显得亲切) He is doing well in his lessons. 他的功课很好。(赞扬) You are always boasting. 你老爱吹牛。(厌烦) 3 、动词 go, come, leave, arrive 等表将要发生的动作时。 e.g. They are leaving for Shanghai. 与这种时态连用的时间状语常有: now, these days, recently, this week 等。

七、过去进行时主要用于: 表示过去某个时刻或阶段正在进行的动作。 e.g. At that time she was working in a PLA unit. 那时她在解放军某部工作。 What were you doing this time yesterday? 与这个时态连用的时间状语常用: at nine o`clock, this time last night, these days, at that time 等。 用 when 引导的时间状语从句表示主句的动作正在进行的时间。 e.g. When he came in, I was reading a newspaper.
注: 1 、 while 引导时间状语从句叙述过去的动作时,从句常用过去进行时。 e.g. I read a magazine while I was waiting for the bus. 2 、 when 用作并列连词,意为“这时”,连接两分句时,第一句多用过去进行时。 e.g. I was reading a newspaper when he came in.

**一般过去时与过去进行时的区别: 一般过去时:强调过去某一时间开始或完成的动作。 过去进行时:强调过去某一时间正在进行的动作。 试区别下面两句: We were building a reservoir last winter. 去年冬天我们在修建一座水库。(可能尚未建成) We built a reservoir last winter. 去年冬天我们修建了一座水库。(已经建成)

八、一般将来时主要用于: 表示将要发生的动作或情况 e.g. Tom will have a bike of his own. 与这个时态连用的时间状语常用: tonight, tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next week, in three hours, two days later 等。

**一般将来时态与其它结构表将来情况的区别: 一般将来时态 :主要从时间的角度表将要发生的动作或情况。 be going to 结构 :①表(主观上)打算或准备做某事时。 ②表有发生某事的预兆时。 e.g. They are going to have a competition with us in studies. It is going to rain. 据以上区别,故下面一句是错的: I am going to be eighteen years old next year. 应改为: I shall be eighteen years old next year. be about to do sth 结构 :意为“刚要做某事”、“马上要做某事”强调时间之紧迫性。 e.g. We are about to discuss this problem. 我们将马上讨论这个问题。 be to do sth 结构: 表示按计划、安排、规定将实施某事或表示注定会发生某事。 e.g. When is the train to leave
第2个回答  2011-12-03
具体哪种?