第1个回答 2012-09-25
原文
永州之野产异蛇，黑质而白章；触草木，尽死；以啮（niè）人，无御之者。然得而腊（xī）之以为饵，可以已大风、挛踠（luán wǎn）、瘘（lòu ）、疠（lì），去死肌，杀三虫。其始，太医以王命聚之，岁赋其二，募有能捕之者，当（dàng）其租入。永之人争奔走焉。
有蒋氏者，专其利三世矣。问之，则曰：“吾祖死于是，吾父死于是。今吾嗣（sì）为之十二年，几死者数(shuò)矣。”言之，貌若甚戚者。
余悲之，且曰：“若毒之乎？余将告于莅（lì）事者，更若役，复若赋，则何如？”
蒋氏大戚，汪然出涕曰：“君将哀而生之乎？则吾斯役之不幸，未若复吾赋不幸之甚也，向吾不为斯役，则久已病矣。自吾氏三世居是乡，积于今六十岁矣，而乡邻之生日蹙（cù），殚（dān）其地之出，竭其庐之入，号呼而转徙(xǐ)，饥渴而顿踣（bó），触风雨，犯寒暑，呼嘘毒疠，往往而死者相藉(jìe)也。曩（nǎng）与吾祖居者，今其室十无一焉；与吾父居者，今其室十无二三焉；与吾居十二年者，今其室十无四五焉。非死则徙尔。而吾以捕蛇独存。悍吏之来吾乡，叫嚣乎东西，隳（huī）突乎南北；哗然而骇者，虽鸡狗不得宁焉。吾恂恂（xún xún）而起，视其缶（fǒu），而吾蛇尚存，则弛然而卧。谨食（sì）之，时而献焉。退而甘食其土之有，以尽吾齿。盖一岁之犯死者二焉；其余，则熙熙而乐。岂若吾乡邻之旦旦有是哉！今虽死乎此，比吾乡邻之死则已后矣，又安敢毒耶？”
余闻而愈悲。孔子曰：“苛政猛于虎也。”吾尝疑乎是，今以蒋氏观之，犹信。呜呼！孰知赋敛之毒有甚是蛇者乎！故为之说，以俟（sì）夫（fú）观人风者得焉。
译文
永州的野外生长着一种奇异的蛇，（它是）黑底子，白花纹；这种蛇碰到草木,草木全都干枯而死；如果咬了人，没有能够抵御毒蛇的办法。然而捉到它后，把它晾干，制成药饵，可以用来治愈大风、挛踠、瘘、疠等疾病；还可以去除坏死的肌肉，杀死人体内的寄生虫。那时开始，太医用皇帝的命令征集这种蛇，每年征收两次，招募能捕捉这种蛇的人，(用蛇来)抵他们的赋税。永州的人都争着去干这件事。
有个姓蒋的人家，独自享有捕蛇抵税这种好处有三代了。我问他，却说：“我的祖父死在捕蛇这件差事上，我父亲也死在这件事情上。现在我继承祖业干这差事也已十二年了，有好几次险些死掉。”他说这番话时，神情像是很悲伤。
我很同情他，就说：“你怨恨这差事吗？我将要告诉地方官，让他更换你的差事，恢复你的赋税，怎么样？”
蒋氏(听了),大为悲伤，满眼含泪的样子流出眼泪说：“您是哀怜我，想让我活下去吗？那么我这差事的不幸，还不如恢复我租赋遭受的不幸那么厉害呀。假使我不干这差事，那我早已困苦不堪了。自从我家三代住到这个地方，累计到现在，已经六十年了，可乡邻们的生活一天天地窘迫，把他们土地上生产出来的都拿去，把他们家里的收入也尽数拿去(交租税,仍不够)，只得号啕痛哭辗转逃亡，又饥又渴倒在地上，(一路上)顶着狂风暴雨，冒着严寒酷暑，呼吸着带毒的疫气，一个接一个死去,尸体都互相枕压着。从前和我祖父同住在这里的，现在十户当中剩不下一户了；和我父亲住在一起的人家，现在十户当中只有不到两三户了；和我一起住了十二年的人家，现在十户当中只有不到四五户了。那些人家不是死了就是迁走了。可是我却由于捕蛇这个差事才活了下来。凶暴的官吏来到我乡，到处骚扰，到处叫骂，那种喧闹的样子惊扰了乡间的平静，即使是鸡狗也不得安宁啊。这时我就小心翼翼地起来，看看我的瓦罐，我的蛇还在，就放心躺下了。我小心地喂养蛇，到规定的日子把它献上去。回家后有滋有味地吃着田地里出产的东西，来度过我的余年。估计一年当中冒死的情况只是两次,其余时间我都可以快快乐乐地过日子。哪像我的乡邻们天天都在危险之中呢！现在我即使死在这差事上，比起我的乡邻已经死在他们后面了，又怎么敢怨恨它（捕蛇这件事）呢？”
我听了(蒋氏的诉说)越听越悲伤。孔子说：“苛酷的统治比老虎还要凶啊!”我曾经怀疑过这句话，现在从蒋氏的遭遇来看，还真是可信的。唉！谁知道苛捐杂税的毒害比这种毒蛇还厉害呢！所以写了这篇文章,以期待那些(朝廷派来)考察民情的人从这里得到一点百姓的实情。
第2个回答 2012-02-08
原文
捕蛇者说
柳宗元
永州之野产异蛇.黑质而白章；触草木尽死；以啮人，无御之者。然得而腊之以为饵，可以已大风、挛踠、瘘、疠，去死肌，杀三虫。其始，太医以王命聚之，岁赋其二，募有能捕之者，当其租入。永之人争奔走焉。
有蒋氏者，专其利三世矣。问之，则曰：“吾祖死于是，吾父死于是。今吾嗣为之十二年，几死者数矣。”言之，貌若甚戚者。
余悲之，且曰：“若毒之乎？余将告于莅事者，更若役，复若赋，则何如？”
蒋氏大戚，汪然出涕曰：“君将哀而生之乎？则吾斯役之不幸，未若复吾赋不幸之甚也。向吾不为斯役，则久已病矣。自吾氏三世居是乡，积于今六十岁矣，而乡邻之生日蹙，殚其地之出，竭其庐之入，号呼而转徙，饥渴而顿踣。触风雨，犯寒暑，呼嘘毒疠，往往而死者相藉也。曩与吾祖居者，今其室十无一焉；与吾父居者，今其室十无二三焉；与吾居十二年者，今其室十无四五焉。非死即徙尔。而吾以捕蛇独存。悍吏之来吾乡，叫嚣乎东西，隳突乎南北；哗然而骇者，虽鸡狗不得宁焉。吾恂恂而起，视其缶，而吾蛇尚存，则弛然而卧。谨食之，时而献焉。退而甘食其土之有，以尽吾齿。盖一岁之犯死者二焉；其余，则熙熙而乐。岂若吾乡邻之旦旦有是哉！今虽死乎此，比吾乡邻之死则已后矣，又安敢毒耶？”
余闻而愈悲，孔子曰：“苛政猛于虎也。”吾尝疑乎是，今以蒋氏观之，犹信。呜呼！孰知赋敛之毒有甚是蛇者乎！故为之说，以俟夫观人风者得焉。
参考译文
永州的郊野生长着一种奇异的蛇，黑色的皮肤，白色的花纹，接触过的草木全都枯死；如果咬了人,没有抵御它的办法。但把它捉了来，风干以后制成药饵，可以治愈大风、挛踠、瘘、疠等恶性疾病；还可以去除坏死的肌肉，杀死人体内的寄生虫。一开始，太医用皇帝的命令征集这种蛇，每年征收两次，招募能捕捉它的人，可以用蛇来抵他们的租税。永州的老百姓都争着去干这件差事。
有个姓蒋的人家，独自享受这种好处有三代了。我向他问起这件事，他说：“我祖父死捕蛇这件差事上，我父亲也死在这件事情上。现在我继承这件差事十二年了，有好几次差点死掉。”他说这些话时，神情很悲伤。
我怜悯他，并且说：“你怨恨干这差事吗？我打算去告诉主管官，让他更换你的差事，恢复你的租赋，你看怎么样？”
姓蒋的更加悲伤，眼泪汪汪地说：“您想哀怜我，让我活下去吗？那么我告诉您，我干这差事遭受的不幸，是远不如恢复租赋遭受的不幸的。要是先前我不干这差事，那我早已困苦不堪了。自从我家住在这个村子，到现在，已经六十年了。这六十年间，乡邻们的生活一天比一天窘迫，田里的出产全部尽了，家里的收入全都竭了，只得哭号着辗转迁徙，饥渴交迫而摔倒在地，顶着狂风暴雨，冒着严寒酷暑，呼吸着带毒的疫气，常常是死去的人一个压一个。从前和我爷爷住在一起的人家，现在十户当中只有不到一户了；和我父亲住在一起的人家，现在十户当中只有不到两三户了；和我一起住了十二年的人家，现在十户当中只有不到四五户了。那些人家不是死了就是迁走了。然而我却由于捕蛇而独自存活下来。凶暴的官吏来到我们这个地方，到处乱叫狂喊，到处骚扰毁环，气势汹汹，惊骇乡里，就连鸡狗都不得安宁啊。我担心的起来，看看我的瓦罐，蛇还在里面，就放心躺下了。我小心喂养蛇，到时候把蛇送上去献给国君。回家后有滋有味地吃着田地里出产的东西，来过完我这一辈子。其实一年当中冒死的情况只是两次；其余时间我都可以快快乐乐地过日子。哪像我的乡邻们天天都有死亡的危险呢！现在我即使死在这差事上，比起那些死去的乡邻已经是晚了，我怎么敢怨恨这差事呢？”
我听了他的话更加悲伤。孔子说：“苛酷的政治统治比猛虎还凶暴啊。”我曾经怀疑过这句话，现在从蒋氏的遭遇来看，孔子的这句话是可信的。唉！谁知道租赋的祸害大大超过这种毒蛇之害的呢！所以写这篇文章,来等待那些考察民情的人看到它。
[编辑本段]词句注释
永州①之野产异蛇，黑质①而白章；触草木，尽死；①以啮人，无御②之①者。然得②而腊③之②以为铒，可③以已大风、挛踠、瘘、疠，去死肌，杀三虫。①其始，太医④以王命聚④之，岁赋②其二，募有能捕⑤之②者，当③其租入。永⑥之人争奔走焉。
①⑥“之”：的。“异”：奇特。“质”：本体，指蛇身。①“而”：表并列。“章”：彩色花纹。“触”：接触。“尽”：全部，都。①“以”：而，如果。“啮”：咬。“御”：抵御。②“之”：代蛇毒。①“者”：指办法。“然”：然而。②“而”：如果。“腊”：晒干。③④⑤“之”：代蛇。②③④“以”：用。“为”：作，制成。“饵”：药饵。“已”使动用法，使……离去，这里意为治好。“大风”：麻疯。“挛踠”：手脚不能屈伸的一种病。“瘘”：脖子肿。“疠”：恶疮。“去”：除去。“死肌”：失去感觉的肌肉，坏死的肌肉。“三虫”：人体内的寄生虫。①“其”：指所要述说的事。“太医”：御医，皇帝的医生。“聚”：收聚。“岁”：名词用作状语，每年。②“其”：指蛇。“二”：两次。“募”：征集，召募。②“者”：指人。“当”：当作。③“其”：指能捕捉到蛇的人。“人”：缴纳。“人”：民，避讳唐太宗李世民之“民”。“焉”：代词，指这件事。
以啮人（连词，如果）
可以已大风（止，治愈）
以王命聚之（用征集）
有蒋氏者（…..的人）
几死者数矣（的情况）
貌若甚威者（好像）
若毒之乎（你）（痛恨）
复若赋（你的）
汪然出涕（眼泪）
君将哀而生之乎（你将哀怜我使我活下去吗？生，使……活下去）
向吾不为斯投，则久已病矣（这里是假使的意思 这里是困苦不堪）
殚其地之出，竭其庐之入（缴纳）
触风雨，犯寒暑（顶着 冒着）
非死则徙尔（相当于“不是……就是……” “尔”同“耳”，罢了，表示陈述语气）
叫嚣乎东西，隳突乎南北（是介宾短语中的一种，乎，介词，同“于”，放在动词谓语后面作补语，可译为：到处叫喊哈喝，跑来闯去） 这句是互文
哗然而骇者（然，助词，表示“……的样子” 者，代词，可译为“的情景”或“的气势”）
岂若吾乡邻之旦旦有是哉（岂若，哪里像 是，这，指冒死的危险）
又安敢毒耶（怎么，哪里反问句，译为“又怎么敢怨恨这差事呢”）
苛政猛于虎也（译为“苛酷的统治比老虎还要凶啊”介宾短语用法之一，译为现代汉语时，一般要把介宾短语提到动词谓语之前作状语）这句话出自〈礼记·檀弓〉记载的一个故事。柳宗元引用这句话，意在对当时苛酷的赋敛表示不满，
吾尝疑乎是（代“苛政猛于虎”）
然得而腊之以为饵（把肉晾干；以为，把......制成）
岁赋其二（征收）
永之人争奔走焉（代指这件事）
而乡邻之生日蹙（一天天地窘迫）
则熙熙而乐（快活的样子）
以俟夫现人风者得焉（俟，等待 焉，之于，从这里）
孰知赋敛之毒有甚是蛇者乎：谁知道搜刮老百姓的毒害有比这毒蛇更厉害的呢！
In the wilderness on the outskirts of Yong Zhou there exists a kind of snake with black skin marked with white stripes. Any plant dies upon its touch and anyone bitten by it is doomed to die. But once it is caught and dehydrated, it can serve as an ingredient of a traditional medicine for the cure of leprosy, arthritis, swollen necks, malignant tumors, the removal of decayed flesh, and the elimination of three kinds of worms that cause illness. Since early times the court physician has ordered the people in the name of the emperor to hand in snakes twice a year. Whoever does so is exempted from taxation. People are vying with one another to catch snakes.
There is a man whose surname is Jiang. His family has been enjoying this privilege for three generations. When asked, he told me with deep grief, "My grandfather was killed by a snake, and so was my father. I myself have been engaged as a snake catcher for twelve years and might have been killed many a time." I sympathized with him, saying, "Are you complaining about this work? I shall ask the official in charge to transfer you to your former work and renew the taxation on you. How would you like that?"
My words threw him into great agony. He burst into tears and said, "Do you pity me and want me to live on? But the misery I am suffering now is not at all worse than what I suffered before. If I had not taken this work, I would be in desperate straits. Three generations of my family have been living here for sixty years. Our neighbors are growing poorer day by day. In order to pay the taxes, they are compelled to hand over all the produce of their land and all the possessions in their house. They shuffle from village to village, wailing in distress, and many of them die of hunger along the way. They are beaten by wind and rain, suffering freezing cold in winter and scorching heat in summer. What's more, they have to inhale the pernicious air of deceased districts. In this way, people are dying one after another, and their dead bodies are piling up. Out of ten families that were my grandfather's neighbors, only one has survived, and out of ten families that were my father's neighbors, only two or three remain. As to the neighbors who have been living near me for the past twelve years, only four or five out of ten families have survived. Most of them are dead or have moved to other places. I luckily remain alive simply because I am a snake catcher. Whenever the relentless officers come to the village, they make a row and bully the people. The village people scream from terror. Even fowls and dogs are not left in peace. I get out of bed with fear and look into the jar. To my relief the snakes are still there. Then my mind is at ease and I return to bed. I feed the snakes with great care and deliver them to the authorities in time. Back at home, I eat the produce of the land so that I may live on till my death. I risk my life only twice a year. The rest of the time, I spend my days quite happily, unlike other village people whose lives are constantly threatened. Even if I were killed by a snake today, I would still have lived longer than my neighbors. Why should I complain?"
I feel all the more depressed upon hearing his story. I was once disbelieving of Confucius's words: "Tyrannical rule is more ferocious than a tiger." From Jiang's example I have come to realize that this saying is true. Alas! Who could have known that oppressive taxation is worse than venomous snakes? Hence I write down this story for those who are making investigations relating to the life of the common people.
第3个回答 2012-01-31
the story of a snake catcher
第4个回答 2012-01-31
In the wilderness on the outskirts of Yong Zhou there exists a kind of snake with black skin marked with white stripes. Any plant dies upon its touch and anyone bitten by it is doomed to die. But once it is caught and dehydrated, it can serve as an ingredient of a traditional medicine for the cure of leprosy, arthritis, swollen necks, malignant tumors, the removal of decayed flesh, and the elimination of three kinds of worms that cause illness. Since early times the court physician has ordered the people in the name of the emperor to hand in snakes twice a year. Whoever does so is exempted from taxation. People are vying with one another to catch snakes.
There is a man whose surname is Jiang. His family has been enjoying this privilege for three generations. When asked, he told me with deep grief, "My grandfather was killed by a snake, and so was my father. I myself have been engaged as a snake catcher for twelve years and might have been killed many a time." I sympathized with him, saying, "Are you complaining about this work? I shall ask the official in charge to transfer you to your former work and renew the taxation on you. How would you like that?"
My words threw him into great agony. He burst into tears and said, "Do you pity me and want me to live on? But the misery I am suffering now is not at all worse than what I suffered before. If I had not taken this work, I would be in desperate straits. Three generations of my family have been living here for sixty years. Our neighbors are growing poorer day by day. In order to pay the taxes, they are compelled to hand over all the produce of their land and all the possessions in their house. They shuffle from village to village, wailing in distress, and many of them die of hunger along the way. They are beaten by wind and rain, suffering freezing cold in winter and scorching heat in summer. What's more, they have to inhale the pernicious air of deceased districts. In this way, people are dying one after another, and their dead bodies are piling up. Out of ten families that were my grandfather's neighbors, only one has survived, and out of ten families that were my father's neighbors, only two or three remain. As to the neighbors who have been living near me for the past twelve years, only four or five out of ten families have survived. Most of them are dead or have moved to other places. I luckily remain alive simply because I am a snake catcher. Whenever the relentless officers come to the village, they make a row and bully the people. The village people scream from terror. Even fowls and dogs are not left in peace. I get out of bed with fear and look into the jar. To my relief the snakes are still there. Then my mind is at ease and I return to bed. I feed the snakes with great care and deliver them to the authorities in time. Back at home, I eat the produce of the land so that I may live on till my death. I risk my life only twice a year. The rest of the time, I spend my days quite happily, unlike other village people whose lives are constantly threatened. Even if I were killed by a snake today, I would still have lived longer than my neighbors. Why should I complain?"
I feel all the more depressed upon hearing his story. I was once disbelieving of Confucius's words: "Tyrannical rule is more ferocious than a tiger." From Jiang's example I have come to realize that this saying is true. Alas! Who could have known that oppressive taxation is worse than venomous snakes? Hence I write down this story for those who are making investigations relating to the life of the common people.