CompStat (short for COMPuter STATistics or
COMParative STATistics) originated in the
New York City Police Department (NYPD)
in 1994 when William Bratton was police
commissioner. CompStat is a comprehensive,
city-wide database that records an reported crimes or
complaints, arrests, and summonses issued in each
of the city's 76 precincts. City officials had previously
believed that crime could not be prevented by better
information and analytical tools but instead by using
more foot patrols in neighborhoods along with the
concept of "community policing" in which efforts
were made to strengthen the involvement of community
groups. In contrast, Bratton and Rudy Giuliani,
then the mayor of New York City, believed that
police could be more effective in reducing crime if
operational decisions took place at the precinct level
and if decision makers had better information.
Precinct commanders were in a better position than
police headquarters to understand the specific needs
of the communities they served and to direct the
work of the 200 to 400 police officers they managed.
CompStat gave precinct commanders more authority
and responsibility, but also more accountability.
At weekly meetings, representatives from each
of the NYPD's precincts, service areas, and transit
districts are put on the "hot seat" at police
headquarters and required to provide a statistical
summary of the week's crime complaint, arrest,
and summons activity, as well as significant cases,
crime patterns, and police activities. Commanders
must explain what has been done to reduce crime
in the districts under their command, and if crime
has gone up, they must explain why. Commanders
are held directly accountable for reducing crime in
their area of command. In the past, they were
evaluated, primarily on the basis of their administrative
skills, such as staying within budget and
deploying resources efficiently.
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