什么是从属连词和并列连词？？？

Question

详细一点儿

Answer 1

从属连词这种连词是用以引导名词性从句和状语从句的. 由从属连词所引导的句子叫从句,而含有从句的句子叫作复合句。
连词连词用于引导从句以形成句子的一部分或修饰句子的构成要素.连词是连接单词,短语,从句或句子的一种虚词。

用法在英语词类中，连接词可说是最容易掌握的一种。 　　

从结构上说，英语连接词分两大类：并列连词（coordinating conjunctions）和从属连词（subordinating conjunctions）。 并列连词连接两个或两个以上地位平等的字、词组或分句。例如：(1) Air and water are indispensable to me. 　　

(2) She likes going out with friends or playing outdoor games. 　　(3) Most workers have a good income, so they look very happy. 　　

从属连词连接两个或两个以上的分句，形成复杂句中的从属分句。例如： 　　

(4) He said that he did not want to go . 　　

(5) Many things have happened since I last saw him. 　　

(6) You may come if you want to. 　　

从属连词用来连接各种从句。until(till)直到，在用until表达时间状语的句子中，主句中的动词是要十分小心去选择的。如动词是持续行动词，它要用肯定句，如：I studied hard until 12 o'clock last night.如果动词是瞬间截止性动词，则要用否定句，如:He didn't go to bed until his mother came back.由since,for,by,before, 来引导的时间状语从句。since 引导的时间状语是动作的开始时间，如:I have studied English since 1990.而by引导的时间状语通常是动作的结束时间，如：I had learned 25 English songs by the end of last term.

举例说明上述连词的用法，看起来不难，但错误也难免。下面是些好例子： 　　

(1) This book may be used both as a text as well as a reference book. 　　

这里的“as well as”和“both”不能搭配，应该将“as well ”改为“and”，使“both.......and......”变成关联连词（ correlative conjunction） 　　

(2) He not only speaks Mandarin but also English. 　　

这里的“not only”应该移到“speaks”后面，使这个动词兼顾两个等立宾语：“Mandarin”和“English”。 　　

(3) Although he is fat, but he is very weak. 　　

英语里的“although”和“but”是不见面的 ，因此这句里的“ but”要去掉，不然“although”就要出来。 　　

(4) Jim is not so strong like you. 　　

这里的“not so”必须和“as”连成一体；介词“like”是不适宜的。 　　

(5) No sooner had we reached our destination, they left. 　　

"No sooner"必须和"than" 配成关联连词，把"than" 省掉是不对的，应该补上： 　　

No sooner had we reached our destination than they left. 　　

这句子的意思也可透过“as soon as”反映出来： 　　

“As soon as we reached our destination, they left.” 　　

(6) I took a taxi and which took me to the station. 　　

这里的并列连词“and”是多余的，必须去掉。如果要保留“and ”也可，但是形容词分句里的关系代词“Which”要改成主语“it” ，使整个句子变成并列分句如下： 　　

I took a taxi and it took me to the station. 　　

(7) My friend came up to me and held my hand, said good-bye excitedly. 　　

这里的“and”应该用来连接最后两个谓语才对： 　　

My friend came up to me, held my hand, and said good-bye excitedly. 　　

不然，就要把“said”改成“saying”。

并列连词的种类
类 别 例 词
表示并列关系 and　　as well as　　both…and
not only,but also　　neither…nor
表示选择关系 or　　　or else　　　either…nor
表示转折关系 but　　　yet　　　while　　whereas
表示因果关系 for　　　so

并列连词 - and
(1) and和；与；及；同；并
Time and tide wait for no man . 时不我待。(and表示并列)
Everything ought to be beautiful in a human being: face，and dress，and soul，and ideas.
人的面貌，衣着，心灵，思想，一切都应是美丽的。
(2) and然后； 接着
They shook hands and began to talk at once.
他们握了手后立刻开始了谈话。(and表示顺序)
He came and sat down and spoke to me.
他来后坐下来和我说话。
(3) and而且；还；又
I know that he has been arrested and that he is in prison.
我知道他已经被捕并且进了监狱。
Shute is healthy and handsome.
舒特既健康又英俊。
(4) and那么；则
Come early and you will see him.
早些来，那么你就会见到他了。
Try again and you will succeed.
再试一次，你就会成功。

but
(1) but但是；可是；然而
She wants to go to college but her parents want her to get married.
她想念大学，但她父母希望她结婚。
The car is very old but in good condition. 这辆车旧了，但性能还不错。
(2) but(用于否定结构后)而(是)
Virtue dwells not in the tongue but in the heart.
看人看心不看嘴。
He didn’t come to help，but to hinder us.
他不是来帮忙，而是来阻碍我们的。

or
(1) or或；或者；还是
He must be mad or drunk.
他不是疯了就是喝醉了。
Scotch or Bourbon?
要苏格兰威士忌还是波旁威士忌？
(2) or否则； 要不然
Be quick，or it may be too late.
快点，不然就会迟到。
Do not move， or you are a dead man.
不要动，不然要你的命。
(3) or(用于否定句) 也不
He never smokes or drinks.
他从不抽烟，也不喝酒。

or else
or else 否则；要不然
Hurry up，or else you’ll miss the last bus.
快点，不然你就赶不上末班车了。
Let’s get moving，or else we’ll miss the train.
我们走吧，不然就赶不上火车了。

for
for 因为；由于……的缘故
Sanger has to stay up tonight ,for there is a lot of homework to do.
桑格今晚不得不熬夜，因为有许多作业要做。
The two brothers decided to leave at dawn，for they had many miles to cover.
两兄弟决定黎明启程，因为他们要走许多英里。

so
so因此；所以
It began to rain, so we went home． 天开始下雨了，我们就回家了。
Everybody lent a hand， so the task was done on time.
人人动手，所以任务按时完成了。

yet
yet可是；然而
He worked hard， yet he failed.
他工作努力，可是他失败了。
She said she would be late， yet she arrived on time.
她说她会迟到，但她却准时到达了。
15.9 whereas
whereas 然而； 但是； 尽管
Some people like fat meat， whereas others hate it.
有些人喜欢肥肉，相反有些人讨厌肥肉。
Some people like strong tobacco，whereas others don?t.
有些人喜欢抽烈性烟，而有些人则不喜欢。
She is diligent，whereas he is lazy.
她很勤快，而他却懒惰。

as well as
as well as 除……之外；既……又；与……一样；和
On Sundays， his landlady provided dinner as well as breakfast.
逢星期天，女房东除早饭外还供应他正餐。
Hiking is good exercise as well as fun.
徒步旅行很有趣味，也是很好的锻炼。
In theory as well as in practice，the idea is unsound.
这个主意在理论上和实践上都站不住脚。
He would like to go as well as you.
他和你一样想去。

both...and...
both...and ... 和……（两者）都； 不仅……而且； 既……又
Both Mary and Peter are washing the dishes.
玛丽和彼得都在洗盘子。
Mary both washes the dishes and dries them.
玛丽不仅洗盘子，而且把它们揩干。
Both the wheat and the barley will be shipped tomorrow.
小麦和大麦明天都要装船运走。
Chickens are raised for both meat and eggs.
养鸡既可吃肉，又可吃蛋。

not only...but also...
not only...but also... 不但……而且……
Such work is not only devalued in that country，its nature is widely misunderstood.
这种工作在那个国家不但被贬低，而且工作的性质也被许多人误解了。
He plays not only the piano，but also the violin.
他不仅弹钢琴，而且还拉小提琴。
He can speak not only English, but also French. 他不仅会说英语，而且会说法语。
I not only heard it，but saw it.
我不但听到而且也看到了。
但要注意：not only...but also...中的but或also有时可省略；当not only... but also...位于句首时，可能引起倒装。

either...or..
either...or...或……或……；要么……要么……；不是……就是……
Either come in or go out.
要么进来，要么出去。
He is either drunk or mad.
他不是醉了就是疯了。
The criminal refused to either speak or eat.
罪犯不肯讲也不肯吃。

neither...nor...
neither...nor... 既不……也不……； ……和……都不
Neither Mary nor Tom came to our party yesterday.
昨天玛丽和汤姆都没来参加我们的晚会。
He neither drinks，smokes，nor eats meat.