现在完成时(have/has done, have/has been done)
句型：
基本结构：主语+have/has+动词的过去分词(pp)（V-ed） eg done
①肯定句：主语+have/has+动词的过去分词(pp)（V-ed）+宾语
②否定句：主语+have/has+not+动词的过去分词(pp)（V-ed）+宾语
③一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+动词的过去分词(pp)（V-ed）+宾语
④特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词或词组+一般疑问句（have/has+主语+过去分词（V-ed）+其他）
定义：
（1）强调动作是从过去持续到现在，并有可能继续持续下去。
（2） 强调对现在的影响或结果，此用法容易和一般过去时混淆。两者的区别是：一般过去时有动作发生的时间点，即过去某一时间发生某一动作；现在完成时则没有，即不强调是哪个时间点发生的动作，而强调过去的动作对现在造成的影响和结果。
（3）在过去不确定的时间里发生的动作，但是结果对现在有影响。
但过去分词一定要选择准确。
1现在完成时常用的时间状语有lately，recently，just，already，yet，up to now，till now，so far，to this day，in the past few years/months/weeks/days，over the past few years，during the last three months，for the last few centuries，through centuries，throughout history等。
2在时间状语从句中，谓语动词可以用现在完成时代替将来完成时。例如：
Mother won’t let her watch TV until she has finished her homework母亲要到她做完作业才让她看电视。
The dinner party will begin after all the guests arrive/have arrived所有的客人到了以后，聚餐就开始了。
3has/have been to与has/have gone to的区别。has/have been to表示“曾去过”，说明有某种经历；has/have gone to表示“已去某地(在途中或已经到达目的地)。例如：
They have been to Sweden many times他们去过瑞典许多次了。
Jack isn’t in He has gone to the supermarket杰克不在，他去超市了。
4现在完成时特别强调瞬间动词和持续性动词。瞬间动词表示短暂、不能持续一段时间的动作，如e，go，leave，start，begin，bee，receive，die，而持续性动词表示能持续一段时间的动作，如work，stay，live，learn等。下面列举一些常用的瞬间动词和对应的持续性动词：leave，be away；die，be dead；put on，wear；fall ill，be ill；borrow，keep；catch cold，have a cold；buy，have；join the army，be in the army。例如：
My brother has been in the army for some time我兄弟参军有一段时间了。
My brother joined the army some time ago我兄弟是一段时间以前参的军。
He has been up for an hour他起床有一小时了。
He got up an hour ago他一小时前起的床。
Jack has been a soldier for some time杰克当兵有段时间了。
Jack became a soldier some time ago杰克是在一段时间前当的兵。
但是，瞬间动词的肯定结构可以用不与“for+时间段”连用的现在完成时，说明某个动作已经发生；瞬间动词的否定结构可以与“for+时间段”连用，说明某动作不发生的状态可以持续一段时间。例如：
Hurry up! The film has begun快一点！电影已经开始了。
We haven’t heard from her for a long time我们很久没收到她的来信了。
5句型It is/has been + 时间段 + since(从句的谓语动词用一般过去时) 例如：
It is two months since they came here他们来这里两个月了。
It is ten years since his father died他父亲去世有十年了。
6持续性动词用于含有till/until的句子结构，表示该动作一直持续到某时间终止；而瞬间动词的否定结构用于till/until句子中，表示某动作不发生的状态延续到某时间终止，可译为“直到……才……”。例如：
They went on working till supper time他们继续工作到晚餐时间。
They didn’t stop wording till supper time他们一直到晚餐时间才停止工作。
I will stay until you e我会等到你来。
I won’t leave until you e直到你来了，我才会离开。
7句型this is the first/ second/ third … time that(从句的谓语动词用现在完成时) 例如：四、现在完成进行时(have/has been doing, 一般不用该时态的被动语态)
与现在完成时相比，现在完成进行时更强调，在从过去到现在的时间里，动作或状态一直持续或一直反复出现。例如：
It seems oil has been leaking from this pipe for some time We'll have to take the machine apart to put it right 看来，这个管道漏油已有一段时间了，我们将不得不拆卸机器排除故障。
At last you e! I have been waiting for you for the whole morning你终于来了，整个上午我都在等你。
现在完成时几个值得注意的问题
关于现在完成时，现行教材着重处理了“已完成用法”和“未完成用法”。无论哪种用法都强调一点，即过去动作给现在带来的结果或对现在造成的影响。因此现在完成时不是属于过去时，而是属于现在时的范畴。但在高考复习中，还应该注意一些相关的问题才能对此时态有一个全面的把握。
一、
“已完成用法”是针对瞬间动词（即非延续性动词）而言的，动词通常可以表示在说话之前已经完成，而后果或影响至今仍存在。这些瞬间动词常用的有：start，finish，turn
off / on，lose，bee，leave，open，close，join等。例如：
Li Ming has just turned off the light 李明刚把灯关上。
I’ve finished my homework now 现在我已经做完作业了。
I have lost my pen 我把笔弄丢了。
She has bee a teacher 她已经当了一名老师。
表示“已完成用法”的对应时间状语只能是表示时间点的词，如just, now, already, yet, not
yet，或者干脆不带时间状语，如上述例句中的后两个。
但是瞬间动词与时间段状语如for a week / three
days连用时，并非指瞬间动词的动作延续了多久，而是包含下述两层意思：①谓语动作已完成，②接续动作要持续多久。例如：
He has e here for three days 他来了，准备待三天。
He has left Shanghai for New York for two years
他已离开上海去纽约，要在那里住两年。
显然若把上述两句理解成“他已来了三天”和“他已离开上海去纽约两年了”都是错误的。
二、
“未完成用法”是针对延续性动词而言的，主要表示从过去开始的动作已持续到现在，而且还会继续下去。动词多为work，study，live，know等，所带的时间状语也是持续性的，如lately，these
days，since 2 days ago，since 1991，for a long time，so far，up to
now等。例如：
I have studied English since 1995 我从1995年起开始就学习英语。
He has lived here for two years 他住在这儿已经两年了。
但是延续性动词的完成时不带时间状语则不是说明“过去开始的动作已持续到现在，而且还会继续下去”，而是说明“动作已经结束，而影响还留在现在”。例如：
She has been a teacher 她当过教师。（含义：她现在不是教师了，在干别的工作。）
（比较：She has been a teacher for three years
她当教师已有三年。——现在还是教师。）
三、
按英语语法规律，瞬间动词不能和表示时间段的状语连用，但是汉语里，却可以这样，因此英汉两种语言在转换时必然有障碍。在这里，只要抓住转换规律，矛盾就会迎刃而解。现把中学阶段由瞬间性转为延续性的若干对动词列举于下面：
die → be dead
go out → be out
open → be open
begin / start → be on
buy / get → have / keep
get up → be up
arrive in / e to / get to / reach → be in
close → be closed
fall / bee → be
marry → be married to
get to know → know
finish / end → be over
leave / move → be away / be out of
join → be in
borrow → keep
catch → have
e back → be back
put on → wear / have on
wake → be awake
此外还须记住一些由瞬间动词转换为延续性动词的常用句型：
1） 瞬间动词的过去时 + ago → 延续性动词的现在完成时 + for + 一段时间。例如：
他参军三年了。
He joined the army three years ago → He has been a soldier
for three years
电影已开始十分钟了。
The film started ten minutes ago → The film has been on for
ten minutes
2）使用句型“It is / has been + 一段时间 + since +瞬间动词的一般过去时”。例如：
他父亲已去世两年了。
It is / has been two years since his father died
从上述几点可以看出，在英语学习中，建立起延续性动词和非延续性动词的概念对我们是非常重要的。
四、 正确理解since引导的时间状语从句。
since引导时间状语从句有三种情况：
1） “since + 瞬间动词的过去时”。其从句中的动作已在过去完成，这是我们熟知的句型。例如：
We’ve been friends since we met at school 我们自从在学校认识以来一直是朋友。
2） “since +
延续性动词的过去时”。它的要点是：时间从延续动词结束后计算，这与瞬间动词的计算不同，现行教材基本没有讲到。例如：
It is three years since he smoked 他戒烟已经三年了。（= It is three
years since he stopped smoking）
3） “since + 延续性动词的现在完成时”。其从句的动作或状态延续至今。例如：
They have the deepest affection for the old professor since
they have worked with him
自打同这位老教授一同工作以来，他们就对他怀有最深切的感情。（他们和教授现在仍然一起共事）
五、 注意以下几个完成时的句型在含义上的区别。
1） have gone to somewhere表示“去了某地（说话时当事人不在场）”，用于第三人称。例如：
He (They) has (have) gone to Beijing 他（们）去了北京。（现在仍在北京）
不能说：I / We / You have gone to Beijing
2） have been to
somewhere“去过某地（现在已经回来了）”，可用于各种人称。所要求的时间状语是与倍数相关的词，如once，ever，never，twice，several
times，many times等。例如：
I have never been to the Great Wall 我从未去过长城。
How many times have you been there this year? 今年你去过那里多少次？
3） 在“It / This is the first / second time
that从句”中，that从句部分要用现在完成时。例如：
It is the first time that I have visited the city
这是我第一次到这座城市。
This is the second time that they have finished the work ahead
of time 这是他们第二次提前完成工作。
4） “This is the + 形容词最高级 + 名词 + that从句”结构中，that从句要用现在完成时态。例如：
This is the best film that I’ve (ever) seen 这是我看过的最好的电影。
六、 瞬间动词的完成时的肯定式一般不与一段时间状语连用，但是它的否定式和被动式常与一段时间状语连用。例如：
We haven’t heard from Jane for a long time 我们很久都没有收到简的来信了。
七、介词短语如in the past years，in the last few years，over the last
century，during the past ten years以及since two years
ago等，虽然含有明确的过去时间，但句子仍然要用现在完成时。例如：
With the rapid growth of population, the city in all
directions in the past five years (2003北京、安徽)
A spreads B has spread
C spread D had spread
They have been in poverty since two years ago when the plague
hit the village 从两年前这个村子遭受瘟疫以来他们就一直处于贫困之中。
1 The coffee is wonderful! It doesn’t taste
like anything I before (NMET 2005)
A was having B have
C have ever had D had ever had
2 His father for five months
A had died B has been dead
C is dead D has died
3 —Have you been to our town before?
—No, it’s the first time I _____ here
A even; e B even; have e
C ever; e D ever; have e
4 Years ago we didn’t know this, but recent
science that people who don’t sleep
well soon get ill (2005广东)
A showed B has shown
C will show D is showing
5 The first use of atomic weapons was in
1945, and their power increased
enormously ever since (2004上海)
A is B was
C has been D had been
6 My brother is an actor He in
several films so far (2005浙江)
A appears B appeared
C has appeared D is appearing
7 —How are you today?
—Oh, I as ill as I do now for a very
long time
A didn’t fell B wasn’t feeling
C don’t fell D haven’t felt
8 —The window is dirty
—I know It for weeks (NMET 2004)
A hasn’t cleaned B didn’t clean
C wasn’t cleaned D hasn’t been cleaned
9 在过去六百年中，人类社会发生了很大变
化。
10 他离开这个村子已经五年了。
Keys: 1 C 2 B 3 D 4 B 5 C 6 C 7 D 8 D 9 During the
past 6 hundred years, great changes have taken place in human
society 10 He left the village five years ago / It is five years
since he left the village / He has been away from the village for
five years
--How long ______ he ______ a fever?
--- Ever since last night
A have, got B have , had C have, caught D did, have
解析：此句表示从昨晚起持续到现在的状态，应用现在完成时，去掉答案D。因为是段时间， 所以不能用短暂行动词，get和catch 都是短暂行动词。 因此选B
My bowl is empty Who ______ all my soup?
A drinks B had drunk C has drunk D drank
解析：碗是空的了，这里强调的是所发生的动作造成的结果。 "谁把我的汤都喝了。应选C
--How long ______ he ______ a fever?
--- Ever since last night
A have, got B have , had C have, caught D did, have
解析：此句表示从昨晚起持续到现在的状态，应用现在完成时，去掉答案D。因为是段时间， 所以不能用短暂行动词，get和catch 都是短暂行动词。 因此选B
My bowl is empty Who ______ all my soup?
A drinks B had drunk C has drunk D drank
解析：碗是空的了，这里强调的是所发生的动作造成的结果。 "谁把我的汤都喝了。应选C
3 I ______ you for a long time Where ______ you ______?
A Didn't seen; did, go B didn't see; have, gone C haven't seen; have, been D haven't seen; have gone
解析：for+段时间一般预先在完成时连用。"你去哪儿了？ "（在这段时间你不在）应选C。
The next morning she found the man ___ in bed，dead
A lying B lie C lay D laying
答案：A find的宾语后面，用分词或分词短语，起宾语补足语作用。现在分词表达主动，也表达正在进行，过去分词表达被动。
2) to + be 的不定式结构，作补语的动词。
acknowledge, believe, consider, think, declare(声称), discover, fancy(设想), feel, find, guess, judge, imagine, know, prove, see(理解), show, suppose, take(以为), understand
We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class 我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。
典型例题
Charles Babbage is generally considered ___ the first puter
A to invent B inventing C to have invented D having invented
答案：A 由consider to do sth 排除B、D。 此句只说明发明这一个事实，不定式后用原形即可。而C为现在完成时，发明为点动词一般不用完成时，且此处也不强调对现在的影响，因此不选C。
3) to be +形容词
seen, appear, be said, be supposed, be believed, be thought, be known, be reported, hope, wish, desire, want, plan, expect, mean
我自己整理的希望采纳O(∩_∩)O~
The book is believed to be uninteresting 人们认为这本书没什么意思。
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