一、系动词
系动词本身有词义,但不能单独用作谓语,后边必须跟表语,构成系表结构,说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。
1. 状态系动词
用来表示主语的状态,只有be动词 (am, is, are)。例如:
He is a teacher. 他是一名教师。(is与表语一起说明主语的身份)
2. 持续系动词
用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有keep, rest, remain, stay等。例如:
He always kept silent at meetings. 他开会时总是保持沉默。
This matter remains a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。
【考例】 Why don't you put the meat in the fridge? It will ________ fresh for several days. (2003全国卷)
A. be stayed B. stay
C. be staying D. have stayed
答案: B
3. 表像系动词
用来表示“看起来像”这一概念,主要有seem, appear, look等。例如:
He looks tired. 他看起来很累。
He seems (to be) very sad. 他看起来很伤心。
【考例】 —You don't look very ________. Are you ill?
—No, I'm just a bit tired. (2003北京春招)
A. good B. well
C. strong D. healthy
答案: B
4. 感官系动词
感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste等。例如:
This kind of cloth feels very soft. 这种布手感很柔软。
This flower smells very sweet. 这朵花闻起来很香。
【考例】 We don't care if a hunting dog smells ________, but we really don't want him to smell ________. (1995上海卷)
A. well; well B. bad; bad
C. well; badly D. badly; bad
答案: D
解析: 第一个smell是不及物动词,表示“闻,嗅”的意思,因此用副词修饰;第二个smell是系动词,表示“散发出气味,闻起来”的意思,其后接形容词作表语,故答案选D。
5. 变化系动词
这些系动词表示主语变成什么样,变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run等。例如:
He became mad after that. 打那以后,他疯了。
She grew rich within a short time. 没多长时间她就富了。
【考例】 The traffic lights ________ green and I pulled away. (2006广东卷)
A. came B. grew
C. got D. went
答案: D
6. 终止系动词
表示主语已终止动作,主要有prove, turn out等, 表达“证实”、“变成”之意。例如:
The rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。
His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。
二、助动词
协助主要动词构成谓语的词叫助动词。被协助的动词称作主要动词。助动词自身没有词义,不可单独使用。最常用的助动词有: be, have, do, shall, will, should, would等。例如:
He doesn't like English. 他不喜欢英语。(does是助动词,无词义; like是实意动词,有词义)
助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用:
1. 表示时态。例如:
He is singing. 他在唱歌。
He has got married. 他已结婚。
2. 表示语态。例如:
He was sent to England. 他被派往英国。
3. 构成一般疑问句和反意疑问句。例如:
Did you study English before you came here? 你来这儿之前学过英语吗?
Everyone had lent you a hand when you were in trouble, hadn't they? 当你有麻烦时,每个人都向你伸出了援助之手,是不是?
【考例】 Sarah had her washing machine repaired the day before yesterday, ________ she? (2006广东卷)
A. had B. did
C. hadn't D. didn't
答案: D
4. 与否定副词not合用,构成否定句。例如:
I don't like him. 我不喜欢他。
5. 加强语气。例如:
Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定来参加晚会。
He did know that. 他的确知道那件事。
6. 构成倒装。例如:
Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English. 进了大学以后,我们才认识到英语的重要性。
【考例】 So difficult ________ it to work out the problem that I decided to ask Tom for advice. (2006广东卷)
A. I did find B. did I find
C. I have found D. have I found
答案: B
7. 用作代动词。例如:
—Do you like Beijing? 你喜欢北京吗?
—Yes, I do. 是的,喜欢。(do用作代动词,代替like Beijing)
参考资料:http://www.ecp.com.cn/cc/ShowArticle.asp?Pay=yes&ArticleID=17382