第1个回答 2015-12-24
Say's law of markets: An economic rule that says that production is the source of demand. According to Say's Law, when an individual produces a product or service, he or she gets paid for that work, and is then able to use that pay to demand other goods and services.
Keynesian Economics: An economic theory of total spending in the economy and its effects on output and inflation. Keynesian economics was developed by the British economist John Maynard Keynes during the 1930s in an attempt to understand the Great Depression. Keynes advocated increased government expenditures and lower taxes to stimulate demand and pull the global economy out of the Depression. Subsequently, the term “Keynesian economics” was used to refer to the concept that optimal economic performance could be achieved – and economic slumps prevented – by influencing aggregate demand through activist stabilization and economic intervention policies by the government. Keynesian economics is considered to be a “demand-side” theory that focuses on changes in the economy over the short run.
第2个回答 2015-04-02
萨伊定律的核心思想是“供给创造其自身的需求”。这一结论隐含的假定是,循环流程可以自动地处于充分就业的均衡状态。它包含三个要点:
(1)产品生产本身能创造自己的需求;
(2)由于市场经济的自我调节作用,不可能产生遍及国民经济所有部门的普遍性生产过剩,而只能在国民经济的个别部门出现供求失衡的现象,而且即使这样也是暂时的;
(3)货币仅仅是流通的媒介,商品的买和卖不会脱节。
根据萨伊定律,在一个完全自由的市场经济中,由于供给会创造自己的需求,因而社会的总需求始终等于总供给。
这错误的结论遭到凯恩斯在《通论》的否定:
这就是说,有效需求不是具有一个唯一的均衡值,而是具有一系列的无穷大个同样可被容许的均衡值;从而,除了劳动的边际负效用所规定的一个上限以外,就业量的大小是不能确定的。
如果这是正确的话,那么,企业家之间的竞争总是会导致就业量的扩大,以至到整个产量的供给不再具有弹性为止。有效需求数值的进一步增加不再会导致产量的任何增加。这一状态显然同充分就业是相同的事情。
“当我们的收入增加时,我们的消费也会增加,但增加的量不像收入增加那样大“。根据这一心理规律,就业量越大,与之相对应的产量的总供给价格与企业家能够从消费者支出那里收回的社会愿意消费数量之间的差距也越大。因此,如果消费倾向不变,那么,就业量便不能增加。
这就是马尔萨斯未能解释的有效需求不足。
不过凯恩斯似乎对否定萨依定律依然有所保留:
从表面上看来,本书的基本内容似乎否定了萨依定律,然而事实上……他并没有如此,而仅仅给萨依定律加上一个条件,即:只要执行正确的宏观经济政策,使投资等于充分就业下的储蓄,萨依定律是可以成立的。
希望能帮到你。本回答被提问者和网友采纳