补丁 patch--patches
外补丁 margin
内补丁 padding
漏洞 leak / flaw / loophole / vulnerability
漏洞补丁 vulnerability patch
例句：这些攻击被称为“零天”攻击，发生在人们意识到系统中存在需要打补丁的漏洞之前。
These attacks were called "zero day" attacks, occurred in people aware of systems in need of patching the loopholes before.
参考资料：有道