英语高手们帮帮我吧！谁知道定语从句的结构？

Question

一切后置定语，定语从句，宾语从句，我都弄不太清楚啊！准确的说是不会，老师讲的很含糊，我都不会啊！我可是个求知的小中学生啊

Answer 1

定语从句由关系代词who、whom、whose、which、what、as和关系副词where、when、why等引导，但须记住：
1.what不能引导定语从句.
2.关系词的分析须考虑它在定语从句中的成分。
一.指人的关系代词有who、whose、whom、that. 试分析：
The old man who/whom /that we visited yesterday is a famous artist.
Miss Wang is taking care of the child whose parents have gone to Beijing .
The man with whom my father shook hands just now is our headmaster. （=The man who/whom that my father shook hands with just now is our headmaster.）注：
A． 指人时有时只用who不宜用that。
1．先行词为one、ones或anyone
（1）The comrade I want to learn from is the one who studies hard and works hard.
（2）Anyone who breaks the law should be punished.
2．先行词为these时
These who are going to Beijing are the best students of our school.
3．在there be 开头的句子中
There is a student who wants to see you.
4．一个句子中带有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that，另一个宜用who，以免重复。
The student that won the first prize is the monitor who works hards.
5．在非限制性定语从句中
A。I met a friend of mine in the street, who had just come from Japan.
B．主句以who开头的句子中,只用that,不用who。
二．指物的关系代词有which、whose(=of which)、that. 试分析：
1. I like the books which / that were written by Lu Xun.
2. The desks (which/that) we made last year were very good.
3. This is the house in which we lived last year. (= This is the house which /that we lived in last year.)
4. I live in the room whose windows face south. (= I live in the room ,the windows of which face south.)
注：
A. 介词如果位于作为其宾语的关系代词之前时，只能用whom、 which不能用who或that.
(1). The girl about whom they were talking is our monitor.
(2). The book in which there are many interesting things was written by Li Ming.
B. 部分短语动词中的介词不可与动词拆开，在定语从句中其介词不可前置，只能放在其动词之后。
Is this the book which she is looking for?
The old man who/whom they are waiting for is Professor Li.
The child who/whom she is looking after is Wang Ping’s son.
C． 指物时，下列情况下只能用that ，不宜用which。
（1）先行词为不定代词，如All、much、anything、everything、nothing、something、none、the one等。
We are willing to do anything that is good to the people.
I have told them all (that) I know.
All that can be done has been done.
（2）先行词是序数词或被序数词、修饰时。
The first book that I read last night was an English novel.
（3）先行词是形容词最高级或被最高级修饰时。
This is one of the most interesting films that I have ever seen.
This is the best that can be done now.
（4）如果有两个或两个以上分别表示人和物的先行词时(先行词既有人又有物)，定语从句的关系代词用which和who都不合适，只能用that。
We know nothing about the doctors and the hospitals that you are talking about.
There are sheep and men that can be seen on the hill.
（5）如果先行词被the only、the very、the last、the same、any、 few 、little、no、 all 、one of、 just修饰时。
This is the only book that can be lent to you.
（6）当主句是以which开头的特殊问句时，关系代词只用that。
Which is the dictionary that he used yesterday ?
D．只物时，下列情况下只能用which，不宜用that。
（1）关系代词放在介词之后
This is the factory in which we once worked.
（2）非限制性定语从句中
This is the book, which is written by Lu Xun.
（3）that，Those作主语时
Those which are on the desk are English books.
E．先行词前有such、the same、 as时, 关系代词用as，不用that, 但the same…as…表示同样的, the same…that…表示同一的
He knows as many people as are present at the meeting.
Such people as you refer to are rare nowadays.
三．比较When/which、where /which、why.
which I still never forget.
This is the day when I joined the party.
which he spent reading the books.
where I found the book.
which makes machines.
This is the place which we once visited.
which I will never forget.
which I am looking for.
限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别：
限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句
All the students who study hard have passed.学习努力的学生都考试及格了。(只有努力的及格了，不努力的没及格。) All the students ,who study hard have passed.所有的学生都及格了，他们学习努力。（没有人不及格，这些学生都很努力。）
从句是先行词不可缺少的定语（如去掉，主句意思就不完整或不正确。） 从句是对先行词的附加说明（如去掉，主句意思仍清楚，不受影响。） 与主句关系密切，不用逗号 与主句关系不十分密切，用逗号与主句隔开译为汉语时，从句译在先行词前，与先行词用“的”连接 译为汉语时，从句放在主句后面关系代词that可以代替who、whom(指人)、which(指物) 关系代词不用that,只用who、whom(指人)、which(指物) 关系代词代替宾语时可以省略 关系代词不能省略关系代词as和which
先研究下面两个例句：
○1.This elephant is like a snake, as /which everybody can see. =As everybody can see, this elephant is like a snake. 任何人都看得出来，这头象像条蛇。
○2.Tom didn’t pass the physics exam, which made his parents very angry. Tom物理考试不及格，这使得他父亲很生气。
这两个例句中，as和which所代表的都是整个主句所表示的内容。但有两点不同之处：
1． 在形式上as引导的非限制性定语从句可位于主句的后面，也可位于主句的前面；而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能位于主句的后面，不能位于主句的前面。
2． 在意义上，as引导的定语从句和主句的关系一般为一致关系，常译为“正如……”，“就像……”，而which引导的定语从句和主句的关系是因果关系，或which引导的定语从句是对主句的评论。因此，在意思通顺的情况下，which可代替as，而as许多时候不能代替which，如句○2。再如：
1．He was late again, as / which we had expected. =As we had expected, he was late again. 正如我们所料，他又迟到了。/他又迟到了这是我们早就料到的。
2． The street hasn’t been cleared for weeks, which makes it very dirty. 街道好多星期没有打扫了，因此整条街很脏。（不用as）
3．The young man cheated his friend of much money, which was disgraceful. 那年轻人诈骗了他朋友许多钱财，这是不光彩的。（不 用as）
4．He takes exercise everyday, which has done a lot of good to his health. 他每天运动，这对他的身体很有好处。（不用as）
5．As has already been pointed out, English is rather difficult for a foreigner. 正如已经指出的那样，英语对于初学者说，是相当难学的。在such…as…、the same…as…、 as…、 as many…/much as…等结构中,as不能用which代替。如：
1.Such books as this are too difficult for beginners. 这样的书对于初学的人来说是太难了。
=Books such as this are …
=Books like this are …
2.I live in the same building as he (does). 我和他住再同一座大楼里。
3.He knows as many people as are present at the meeting. 他认识所有到会的人。
4.That day we all got up early as usual. 那天我们和平时一样，都起得很早。
“One of the +复数名词”后面定语从句中谓语单复数情况
这一结构后面的定语从句的谓语动词通常用复数形式，跟定语从句所靠近的那个复数名词在数上保持一致。如：
1． That is one of the books that are required for study at school.
2． This is one of the most wonderful novels that have been published since 1990.
3． She is one of the few persons who know Spanish .
4． This is one of the most famous plays that were written in the thirties,
如果one of +复数名词这一结构前面带有the only、the very之类的限定语，后面定语从句的谓语动词则要用单数形式，这是因为定语从句在意义上修饰的是而不是那个复数名词。如：
1.He is the only one of the teachers who knows French in our school.( 修饰the only one)
He is one of the teachers who know French in our school.( 修饰the teachers)
2.This is the only one of the rooms that is free now. (修饰the only one)
This is one of the rooms that are free now. (修饰rooms)
as与which引导的定语从句
两者均可引导非限制性定语从句，有时可以互换，但下列情况多用as。
1. 关系代词引导的定语从句居句首时。 As we all know, the earth is round.
2. 当与such或the same连用时，一般用as。 Such books as you tell me are interesting. I have the same plan as you.
3. 当从句和主句语义一致时，用as，反之则用which。 She has married again, as was expected. She has married again, which was unexpected.
4. as在从句中作主语时，后面常接行为动词的被动语态，如be known，be said，be reported等，如从句中行为动词是主动语态，一般要用which作主语。
She has been late again, as was expected.
Tom has made great progress, which made us happy.

Answer 2

我就在这 告诉你 怎样做 定语从句 好了，先找先行词，看先行词是否 可以带到从句的后面 能的话 用关系代词 ，不能带的话，用关系副词 ，再看句意 等

Answer 3

还是看我的吧！小兄弟！定语从句在句中作定语的，我举个例子：you have some questions which are esay enough for me。which are esay enough for me就是做定语的,修饰questions。定语从句的变化很多的，这句还可以变成these questions that you have are esay enough for me 。questions是先行词 which/that是关系代词

宾语从句做宾语，i am worried about it。 明白了吗！定语从句有先行词，关系代词/副词。而宾从没有。

Answer 4

限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句对先行词起限定作用,去掉后主句意义就变得不明确,它与主句之间没有逗号分隔。例如：
This is a shop that sells personal computers.
The watch that I bought yesterday works well.
非限制性定语从句与主句之间的关系相对松散一些,它对先行词起补充说明作用,去掉后不影响主句意义。因此,一些具有区别意义的专有名词及一些表示“唯一”概念的人或物后面常用此类从句。这类从句与主句之间有逗号隔开。例如：
We are all proud of the Great Wall, which is one of the man-made wonders of the world.
My father, who is a doctor, often encourages me to work hard.
注意：在非限制性定语从句中作宾语的关系代词不能省去。
一种特殊的非限制性定语从句
在非限制性定语从句中,有时根据句子意思,常把some, any, none, all, both, several, many, most, neither, either等词、分数或百分比与of whom或of which连用。
He has five children, two of whom are abroad.
3．介词+关系代词的用法
关系代词紧跟在介词后面时,不能用that,也不能省略,常用which或whom。
介词的选用可根据从句中的相关词组确定,该介词通常可以放在关系代词之前,也可放在从句之尾。例如：
The man (who/whom/that) I talked about at the meeting is from Beijing University.
=The man about whom I talked at the meeting is from Beijing University.
The palace (which/that) I often pay a visit to was built in the 17th century.
=The palace to which I often pay a visit was built in the 17th century.
但遇固定词组时,介词一般紧跟词组主体,不作前置。如：
Is this the book (which/that) you are looking for? ( 这里介词for一般不提前,因为look for是固定词组,意为“寻找”,介词for若被提前,单个的look意为“看”,句意不符。)
介词也可结合句意、根据先行词确定,此时介词以前置为佳。
Last night I had a dream in which I became a Nobel Prize winner.
The girl with whom I went to the concert yesterday is my sister.
I need a pen with which I can write a letter.
I need a piece of paper on which I can write a letter.
4．关系代词的一些特定用法：that与which；that与who
1)指物时,关系代词that和which一般情况下可换用,但以下几种情况下一般用that,不用which：
①先行词是all, everything, something, anything, nothing, none, few, little, much等不定代词；或是先行词被all, every, some, any, no, few, little等修饰时：
Is there anything (that) I can do for you in town?
I have read all the books (that) you gave me.
注：当something确指某物或某事时,用that或which都可以,如：
There is something that/which keeps worrying me. “有一件事一直令我不安。”
②先行词被形容词最高级或有序数词the first, the second…, the last修饰时：
This is the best film (that) I have ever seen.
The first place (that) we’ll visit is the Great Wall.
③先行词被the only,the very修饰时：
The only thing that matters is to find our way home.
This is the very book (that) I’ve been looking for.
④先行词既有人又有物时：
They talked about the persons and things (that) they remembered in the school.
⑤当主句是由who或which引导的特殊问句时,为避免重复,定语从句中常用that：
Who is the man that is standing by the door?
Who that has common sense will do such a thing?
Which is the dictionary (that) you bought yesterday?
Which that you bought just now is for me?
⑥两个定语从句,一个用which一个用that
Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.
2)用which不用that：
①介词后②非限制性定于从句中③两个定语从句,一个用that一个用which
3)当先行词是anyone, those, he, she等代词表“人”时,一般用who而不用that：
但当关系代词在定语从句中作表语时,通常用that而不用who：
He is no longer the man that he used to be.

例题精析》》》》》》》》》》》》
1. The factory was built in a secret place, around _________ high mountains.
A. which was B. it was C. which were D. them were

【陷阱】容易误选A或B，将A、B中的 which 和 it 误认为是其后句子的主语。

【分析】最佳答案是C，around which were high mountains 是一个由“介词+which”引出的非限制性定语从句，而在该从句中，主语是 high mountains，around which 是表语，所以句子谓语应用复数were，而不是用单数 was。请做以下类例题目（答案均为C）：

(1) Yesterday we visited a modern hospital, around _________ some fruit shops.

A. which is B. it is C. which are D. them are

(2) The murder happened in an old building, beside _________ the city police station.

A. which are B. it is C. which is D. them are

(3) Next month we’ll move to a new building, next to _________ a nice restaurants where we can have Chinese food.

A. which are B. it is C. which is D. them are

2. A man with a bleeding hand hurried in and asked, “Is there a hospital around _________ I can get some medicine for my wounded hand”

A. that B. which C. where D. what

【陷阱】容易误选 B，认为 around 是介词，选 which 用以代替前面的名词 hospital，在此用作介词 around 的宾语。

【分析】最佳答案为C。以上语法分析并不算错，但问题是，照此分析，此句的意思即为：有没有这样一个医院，我在它的附近可以买药治我的手伤？这样的语境显然有点不合情理，因为人们通常是在医院里面治伤，而不是在医院附近治伤。此题选 C 的理由是：句中的 around 不是介词，而是副词，意为“在附近”；其后的 where 引导定语从句用以修饰其前的地点名词 hospital，句意为：附近有没有一家医院，我可以去治我的手伤？

3. David is such a good boy _________ all the teachers like.

A. that B. who C. as D. whom

【陷阱】此题容易误选A，许多同学一看到题干中的such，再联系到选项中的 that，便认为这是考查such … that …句式。况且，这样理解意思也还通顺。

【分析】最佳答案为C，不是A，因为在such … that … (如此……以至……)结构中，that 引导的是结果状语从句，并且 that 在从句中不充当句子成分，若在上句填入 such … that …，句末的动词 like 缺宾语。选C的理由如下：as 用作关系代词，用以引导定语从句，修饰其前的名词 boy，同时 as 在定语从句中用作动词 like 的宾语，句意为“所有老师都喜欢的一位好男孩”。有的同学可能还会问，假若选A，能否将其后的 that 视为引导定语从句的关系代词呢？不能，因为当先行词受到 such 的修饰时，其后的定语从句应用关系代词 as 来引导，而不用that。比较下面一题，答案为A，因为 like 后有自己的宾语 him：

David is such a good boy _________ all the teachers like him.

A. that B. who C. as D. whom

请再做以下试题（答案选D）：

It was not such a good dinner _________ she had promised us.

A. like B. that C. which D. as

4. The buses, most of _________ were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd.

A. that B. it C. them D. which

【陷阱】容易误选 C，用 them 代指 the buses。

【分析】最佳答案是D。most of which were already full 为非限制性定语从句，修饰 the buses。类似地，以下各题也选D：

(1) His house, for _________ he paid $10, 000, is now worth $50, 000.

A. that B. it C. them D. which

(5) On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _________ parents were sitting together joking.

A. their B. whose C. which D. that

选B。whose parents were sitting together joking 为非限制性定语从句，因为句中有完整的谓语 were sitting。

7. If the man is only interested in your looks, _________ just shows how shallow he is.

A. as B. which C. what D. that

【陷阱】容易误选A或B，误这是非限制性定语从句。

【分析】正确答案为D，注意逗号前是一个条件状语从句，逗号后是该状语从句的主句，that 在此代表前文所述的情况，用作主句的主语。类似地，下面几道题也选 that，而不选 which：

[考题2] . The Science Museum, ____________ we visited during a recent trip to Britain, is one of London’s tourist attractions.(2008.江苏)

A. which B. what C. that D. where

[点拨]A 本题考查非限制性定语从句，排除B。从句中visit是及物动词，缺少宾语，排除D。这是非限制性定语从句，非限制性定语从句的先行词指物时，应用which而不用that，排除C.。故A项正确。

[考题3]. Occasions are quite rare ____ I have the time to spend a day with my kids.(2008.山东)

A. who B. which C. why D. when

[点拨]D 本题考查定语从句关系词的选择。此题关键是要根据句意判断出是定语从句。句意为：我有时间和孩子们一起度过一天的机会很少。Occasions是先行词，从句成分齐全，排除A, B。所选关系词在定语从句中要做时间状语，故选D。

[考题4]. I’ll give you my friend’s home address, I can be reached most evenings.(2008.北京卷)

A. which B. when C. whom D. where

[点拨]D本题考查非限制性定语从句。此题关键是判断定语从句的完整与否。定语从句中reach 是及物动词，但此句是被动语态，从句成分齐全，所以选择关系副词，排除A, C。定语从句先行词是地点，所以排除B。故选D。

[考题5]. Later in this chapter cases will be introduced to readers ______ consumer complaints have resulted in changes in the law. (2008.江西)

A. where B. when C. who D. which

[点拨]A 本题考查定语从句。此题关键是判断定语从句的先行词为cases，意思是：情况，状态，指物或指地点，关系词在从句中作状语，先行词指地点，用where。

在定语从句中，当先行词为point, case, situation等时，通常用关系副词where引导。

[考题6]. The road conditions there turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect. (2008.全国卷II)

A. it B. what C. which D. that

[点拨]C本题考查定语从句中稍微偏难的非限制性定语从句。从句的引导词which指代前边整句话的内容。整句话逻辑意思不难得出：“那里的这条道路被证明是非常不错，这，超出我们的想像的。

历年的高考题中，非限制性定语从句是出现频率最高的考点之一，值得我们注意。例：1. By serving others, a person focuses on someone other than himself or herself,

_____can be very eye-opening and rewarding.(2007年湖南卷)

A．who B．which C．what D．that

2. ______I explained on the phone, you request will be considered at the next meeting.

A．When B．After C．As D．Since

(答案：B ; C)

[考题7]. The man pulled out a gold watch, were made of small diamonds. (2008.陕西卷)

A. the hands of whom B. whom the hands of

C. which the hands of D. the hands of which

[点拨]D本题考查定语从句中稍微偏难题型：

whose + n = the + n + of which / of which + the + n

所以the hands of which = of which the hands = whose hands 答案选D。

例：1. Last week, only two people came to look at the house, ____ wanted to buy it. (2007安徽卷)

A. none of them B. both of them C. none of whom D. neither of whom

2. It is reported that two schools, ______ are being built in my hometown, will open next year. (2007四川卷)

A. they both B. which both C. both of them D. both of which

(答案：D ; D )

1．The weather turned out to be very good, ＿＿＿ was more than we could expect．(NMET’94)
A． what B． which C． that D． if
2．All ＿＿＿＿ is needed is a supply of oil． (MET’89)
A． the thing B． that C． what�� D． which
3．Finally the thief handed everything ＿＿＿＿ he had stolen to the police． (MET’87)
A． after B． what C． whatever��� D． that
分析：1－3 BBD ①在非限定性定语从句中只能用which不用能that。如题1。②在下列几种情况下用that不用which：1)先行词为不定代词anything, everything, all, nothing等时。如题2，题3。2) 先行词前有形容词最高级、序数词修饰时。3）先行词被no, the only, very等修饰时。4）先行词既有人又有物时。
“热点”之二：“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句
典型考题：
1．He paid the boy ＄10 for washing the windows, most of ＿＿＿＿ hadn’t been cleaned for at least a year．(MET’90)
A． those B． these C． that D． which
2．In the dark street, there wasn’t a single person ＿＿＿＿ she could turn for help．(MET’92)
A． that B． who C． from whom���D． to whom
4．In the office I never seem to have time until after 5:30pm, ＿＿＿＿ many people have gone home． (上海’94)
A． whose ��B． that�� C． on which�� D． by which time
分析：1－4 DDBD 在“（名词、数词、代词＋）介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句中，关系代词只能用whom（指人）和which（指物）。在这种结构中，“介词”的选择可依据下列几点：1）介词和定语从句中的谓语动词是一种习惯搭配。 This is the house in which I lived two years ago. �
“热点”之三：定语从句中的“隔离”现象
典型考题：
1．The film brought the hours back to me ＿＿＿＿ I was taken good care of in that faraway village．(NMET 2001)
A． until B． that C． where D． when
2．Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, ＿＿＿＿ of course, made the others unhappy． (NMET 2000)
A． who B． which��� C． this D． what
3．The pen I ＿＿＿＿ I ＿＿＿＿ is on my desk, right under my nose．(NMET’93)
A． think; lost B． thought; had lost
C． think; had lost D． thought; have lost
分析：1－3DBB ①因定语从句过长，为使句子保持平衡，常将定语从句和其所修饰的名词或代词分开。如题1，when引导的定语从句和先行词the hours分开。②在定语从句中使用“插入语”以增加语言的灵活性。如题2中的“of course”为插入语，题3中 的“I thought”为插入语。
易与定语从句混淆的其他复合句
1.定语从句与同位语从句
定语从句与前面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系“……的（名词）”。而同位语从句是用来说明前面名词的内容。与that从句同位的名词必须是一些表事实或概念的抽象名词，如fact, news, belief, truth, reply等。that在定语从句中作成分，可用which 或who/whom代替；而that在同位语从句中不充当任何句子成分，只起连接作用。试比较：
1)We all have heard the news that our team won. (同位语从句，that从句表示news的内容，that 在从句中不作任何成分)
2)We don’t believe the news that/which he told us yesterday.(定语从句，that 作told 的宾语)
2.定语从句与状语从句。试比较：
1)He left the key where he had been an hour before.
(where引导地点状语从句，相当于in the place where)
2)He left the place where he lived for many years.
(where 引导定语从句，修饰the place)
3)He is such a good teacher as all of us love and respect.
(as 引导定语从句)
4)He is such a good teacher that we all like him.
(that引导结果状语从句,such…that… “如此…以致…”)
3． 定语从句与主语从句。试比较：
1) As is known to us all, paper was first made in China.
(as 引导定语从句，指代整个主句内容，可置于句首)
2) It is known to us all that paper was first made in China.
(it 做形式主语，代替that 引导的主语从句)
Cf. What is known to us is that paper was first made in China.
4．定语从句与强调结构。试比较：
1)It is the house where I met the young man.
(where 引导定语从句，修饰house，where在定语从句中作地点状语)
2)It was in the house that I met the young man.
(本句为强调结构，可还原为I met the young man in the house.)
5．定语从句与并列句。
请分析下列题目并分析：
A．whom B．them�C．they�D．who�
1）Mr Smith has three sons，none of ＿＿＿＿ is a computer expert．�
2）He has three sisters，＿＿＿＿＿ are doctors．�
3）She has three CDs，but none of＿＿＿＿＿ is interesting．�
4）I have many friends，and all of＿＿＿＿＿ are nice and friendly．�
5）Miss Yang has some relatives here；＿＿＿＿ like her very much．
〔答案与简析〕本组题考查定语从句与并列句的区别。第1和2小题是定语从句，正确答案分别是A和D；第3和4小题有并列连词but和and，为并列句，每句只能有一个连接词，故正确答案均为B；第5小题中的前后两部分用分号连接，是两个并列分句，无需连接词，故C项正确。