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Question

在地形起伏较大、精度要求较高的一些山区需要用到DTM法来计算土石方量，但是也要考虑到，地图本身数据量大，数据存储量也将会很大的问题。不规则三角网(TIN)是数字地面模型DTM表现形式之一，该法利用实测地形碎部点、特征点进行三角构网，对计算区域按三棱柱法计算土方。不规则三角形建模是直接利用野外实测的地形特征点(离散点)构造出邻接的三角形，组成不规则三角网结构。相对于规则格网，不规则三角网具有以下优点： 三角网中的点和线的分布密度和结构完全可以与地表的特征相协调，直接利用原始资料作为网格结点;不改变原始数据和精度;能够插入地性线以保存原有关键的地形特征,以及能很好地适应复杂、不规则地形，从而将地表的特征表现得淋漓尽致等。因此利用 DTM法计算土方量，大大提高了计算的精度。由上可以看出，DTM法的精度较高，因为三角网能很好地适应复杂、不规则地形，从而更好地表达真实的地面特征。但是要注意的是DTM法计算土方量精度高,但其计算过程中数据量大,占用大量存储空间。因此,如果地图本身数据量大时就应慎重考虑是否采用该方法。
在狭长地带，比如公路、水渠等适宜用断面法进行计算土方量。断面法只需要知道两端横断面的面积,因而计算很简单。但如果施工场地范围很大,那么求面积工作量将会非常大,而且容易出错,同时大量的数据容易在计算时带来较大的误差,特别是地形较复杂时,算出的面积值误差会很大。所以断面法一般只适用于山地及高差变化比较大、自然地面较复杂的地段或地形狭长的地带,在道路、管道等狭长带状地形应用甚广。
对于大面积的土石方估算以及一些地形起伏较小、坡度变化平缓的场地适宜用方格网法。其基本原理是指根据工程建设的需要人为地将土石方施工场地按照一定的横向和纵向间距建立方格线(一般横向间距与纵向间距相等) ,以此划分出若干个平面尺寸相同的方格，再依据各方格四个角点的自然地坪标高与设计标高,计算出各方格节点的高程，运用体积计算公式得出各个方格的土石方体积,最后进行汇总得出总的土石方工程量。方格网法的特点是通过化整为零,先细分再汇总的办法来解决土石方工程量计算问题。方格网其网格的划分与地面的起伏状况无关,可以确保场地平整前后所形成的分区是相同的,故对平整场地后地面为斜面或不规则形状,其填挖方量的计算均可采用方格网法. 这种方法计算的数据量小，计算速度快，省却了庞大的数据存储量。在实施方格网法时需要注意的问题: ①方格网布设的起始边线要合理; ②方格网的纵横间距布设要适当; ③在具体实施时要加强方格网节点的管理工作。
当地面起伏较大、坡度变化较多时,可采用等高线法估算土石方量，直接采取手工或机械的方法利用地形原图来计算起伏较大的山区地形的土方量较为复杂, 可将白纸图扫描矢量化后得到数字化图形, 利用数字测图软件的工程量计算功能计算土方量。由于图上绘有等高线,两条等高线所围面积可求, 两条等高线之间的高差已知, 因此可求出这两条等高线之间的土方量，但所选等高线必须闭合。利用现成的绘有等高线的地形图, 先计算等高线所围的面积, 相邻等高线所围面积平均值与等高距之积即为该两条等高线之间的土方量。等高线法适用于缺少采集数据或将白纸图扫描矢量化后得到的数据计算，由于等高线法的精度不高, 因此一般较适用于工程概算。

Answer 1

More ups and downs in the terrain, the accuracy of some of the higher mountain DTM law needed to calculate the amount of earth and stone, but should also take into account that the map itself, the amount of data, and data storage capacity will also be a big problem. Triangulated irregular network (TIN) is a digital terrain model DTM manifestations of one of the Law Department of the measured points, broken terrain, the characteristics of points in the triangular configuration network, the calculation of the regional tri-prism method in accordance with the Turkish side. TIN model is a direct use of the wild terrain feature points measured (discrete points) constructed adjacent to the triangle to form the structure of triangulated irregular network. Vis-à-vis the rules of grid, triangulated irregular network has the following advantages: triangulation of the points and lines in the distribution of density and structure can be the characteristics of the surface coordinate, direct use of raw data as a grid node; does not change the original data and accuracy; of lines can be inserted in order to preserve the topography of the key features of the original, and well adapted to complex, irregular terrain, which will be characterized by the surface thoroughly and so on. Therefore the use of DTM earthwork method significantly improved the accuracy of the calculation. As can be seen from, DTM accuracy higher law, as triangulation can be well adapted to complex, irregular terrain, in order to better express the true characteristics of the ground. However, it should be noted that the volume of earth DTM method of high accuracy, but the amount of data calculation, and use up a lot of storage space. Therefore, if the map itself on the large amount of data should consider carefully whether the use of the method.
In the strip, such as roads, drains and other suitable cross-section of earthwork volume calculation method. Section will only need to know the cross-sectional area of at both ends, so the calculation is simple. However, if the scope of a large construction site, then the workload will be for very large area, and error-prone, while a large amount of data easily in the larger calculation errors, especially in more complex terrain, the calculated error of the area be significant. Therefore, in general, cross-section is only applicable to the mountains and more elevation changes, natural land lot or more complex terrain of the area long and narrow, roads, pipelines and other narrow band applications a wide range of terrain.
For large areas of earth topography estimates as well as some small changes in gentle slope suitable venues Grid law. The basic principle is under construction to the needs of man-made earth construction site in accordance with a certain degree of horizontal and vertical spacing of the establishment of grid lines (usually horizontal and vertical spacing equal spacing), to be carved out of a number of the same size of the grid plane, grid and then all four corners of points based on the nature and design of floor elevation above sea level, the parties calculated the elevation grid nodes using the formula for calculating the size of the earth reached the size of each box, and finally to arrive at a total aggregate amount of earth works . Grid method is characterized by the adoption of breaking up the whole into the first aggregate and then broken down to solve the problem in terms of earth and stone works. Grid division of the grid with the ups and downs of the ground situation has nothing to do, you can ensure that the venue before and after the formation of formation of the district are the same, so on the ground after the formation of the venue for the slope or irregular shape, the filling volume of excavation can be calculated Grid method used. this method a small amount of data to calculate speed, save a huge amount of data storage. Grid in the implementation of the law need to pay attention to: ① Grid line laid to a reasonable start; ② Grid laid vertical and horizontal spacing to be appropriate; ③ specific grid implementation to strengthen the management of network nodes.
Local volatility surface, the gradient is much more varied, the use of earth and stone contour line method to estimate the amount of direct manual or mechanical methods to calculate the maximum use of undulating terrain of the mountainous terrain of the larger volume of earth is more complex, could be a White scan after vector digital graphics, the use of digital mapping software engineering calculation of earthwork volume calculation functions. As the map contour lines denote the two contour lines of the Wai-resort area, two of the elevation difference between the contour lines is known, it can be obtained between these two contour lines of the earthwork, but selected contour lines must be closed. Denote the use of off-the-shelf topographic map contour lines, contour lines by first calculating the area of Wai, Wai adjacent area by contour lines and contour an average distance of the plot is between the two contour lines of the earthwork volume. Contour line method applied to the lack of data collection or to White after the vector scan data calculation method because of the accuracy of contour lines is quite low and therefore more applicable to the general project budget.
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Answer 2

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More ups and downs in the terrain, the accuracy of some of the higher mountain DTM law needed to calculate the amount of earth and stone, but should also take into account that the map itself, the amount of data, and data storage capacity will also be a big problem. Triangulated irregular network (TIN) is a digital terrain model DTM manifestations of one of the Law Department of the measured points, broken terrain, the characteristics of points in the triangular configuration network, the calculation of the regional tri-prism method in accordance with the Turkish side. TIN model is a direct use of the wild terrain feature points measured (discrete points) constructed adjacent to the triangle to form the structure of triangulated irregular network. Vis-à-vis the rules of grid, triangulated irregular network has the following advantages: triangulation of the points and lines in the distribution of density and structure can be the characteristics of the surface coordinate, direct use of raw data as a grid node; does not change the original data and accuracy; of lines can be inserted in order to preserve the topography of the key features of the original, and well adapted to complex, irregular terrain, which will be characterized by the surface thoroughly and so on. Therefore the use of DTM earthwork method significantly improved the accuracy of the calculation. As can be seen from, DTM accuracy higher law, as triangulation can be well adapted to complex, irregular terrain, in order to better express the true characteristics of the ground. However, it should be noted that the volume of earth DTM method of high accuracy, but the amount of data calculation, and use up a lot of storage space. Therefore, if the map itself on the large amount of data should consider carefully whether the use of the method.
In the strip, such as roads, drains and other suitable cross-section of earthwork volume calculation method. Section will only need to know the cross-sectional area of at both ends, so the calculation is simple. However, if the scope of a large construction site, then the workload will be for very large area, and error-prone, while a large amount of data easily in the larger calculation errors, especially in more complex terrain, the calculated error of the area be significant. Therefore, in general, cross-section is only applicable to the mountains and more elevation changes, natural land lot or more complex terrain of the area long and narrow, roads, pipelines and other narrow band applications a wide range of terrain.
For large areas of earth topography estimates as well as some small changes in gentle slope suitable venues Grid law. The basic principle is under construction to the needs of man-made earth construction site in accordance with a certain degree of horizontal and vertical spacing of the establishment of grid lines (usually horizontal and vertical spacing equal spacing), to be carved out of a number of the same size of the grid plane, grid and then all four corners of points based on the nature and design of floor elevation above sea level, the parties calculated the elevation grid nodes using the formula for calculating the size of the earth reached the size of each box, and finally to arrive at a total aggregate amount of earth works . Grid method is characterized by the adoption of breaking up the whole into the first aggregate and then broken down to solve the problem in terms of earth and stone works. Grid division of the grid with the ups and downs of the ground situation has nothing to do, you can ensure that the venue before and after the formation of formation of the district are the same, so on the ground after the formation of the venue for the slope or irregular shape, the filling volume of excavation can be calculated Grid method used. this method a small amount of data to calculate speed, save a huge amount of data storage. Grid in the implementation of the law need to pay attention to: Grid line laid to a reasonable start; Grid laid vertical and horizontal spacing to be appropriate; specific grid implementation to strengthen the management of network nodes.
Local volatility surface, the gradient is much more varied, the use of earth and stone contour line method to estimate the amount of direct manual or mechanical methods to calculate the maximum use of undulating terrain of the mountainous terrain of the larger volume of earth is more complex, could be a White scan after vector digital graphics, the use of digital mapping software engineering calculation of earthwork volume calculation functions. As the map contour lines denote the two contour lines of the Wai-resort area, two of the elevation difference between the contour lines is known, it can be obtained between these two contour lines of the earthwork, but selected contour lines must be closed. Denote the use of off-the-shelf topographic map contour lines, contour lines by first calculating the area of Wai, Wai adjacent area by contour lines and contour an average distance of the plot is between the two contour lines of the earthwork volume. Contour line method applied to the lack of data collection or to White after the vector scan data calculation method because of the accuracy of contour lines is quite low and therefore more applicable to the general project budget.本回答被网友采纳

Answer 3

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