帮忙翻译一下英语，谢谢了

Question

2. Required disclosure about internal control deficiencies
Item 307 of Regulation S-K, ‘‘Disclosure Controls and Procedures,’’ requires firms to report on the effectiveness of the registrant’s controls and procedures.1 Registrants need to disclose their conclusions regarding the effectiveness of internal controls in their report. They are also required to report changes to the internal control system and disclose whether these changes were to remediate material weaknesses or significant deficiencies.2
There is no explicit requirement that firms disclose material weaknesses to the public under Section 302. However, Item 307 of Regulation S-K makes it difficult for firms to comply with the regulation and not disclose an identified material weakness. Item 307 requires firms to disclose whether or not their control systems are effective, and it is likely that firms will be compelled to conclude that their control systems are ineffective if they discover a material weakness. In contrast, firms are only required to report significant deficiencies if they make changes to their internal control systems to remediate them.3
Disclosure of material weaknesses and significant deficiencies are similar under Section
404 of SOX but the assessments of internal control systems are more extensive. Under Section 404, registrants are required to undertake a more formal evaluation of internal control systems and auditors are required to report on management’s assessment. Firms were required to make significant investments to evaluate their internal control systems and comply with Section 404. In the process, firms reported ICDs that they discovered in their preparation for Section 404 compliance even before Section 404 became effective.4

2.1. Assumptions about voluntary versus mandatory disclosure in ACK and DGM
The primary difference between ACK and DGM is the assumption made about the extent to which incentives to discover ICDs vary across firms and the extent to which disclosure of ICDs is voluntary. ACK view the ultimate disclosure of an ICD as the combination of three conditions: (1) the presence of an ICD, (2) the detection of an ICD, and (3) the disclosure of an ICD. Accordingly, they make predictions about factors that influence the likelihood of each of these conditions. ACK offer several reasons for incentives to discover and disclose ICDs to vary across firms. First, prior to Section 404, the procedures firms must use to evaluate controls and procedures are not specified. Therefore, differences in the effort firms make to discover ICDs could give rise to variation in ICD disclosure. Second, the authors point to the fact that disclosure of significant deficiencies is not required. Third, there is ambiguity in the definitions of material weaknesses and significant deficiencies, which would allow firms some latitude in disclosure by the way they classify the ICDs (material weaknesses versus
significant deficiencies).

Answer 1

2. 必需的透露关于内部控制缺乏 项目307 章程S-K, "透露控制和规程," 要求企业报告关于被登记者的控制的有效率并且procedures.1 被登记者需要透露他们的结论关于内部控制的有效率在他们的报告。他们并且必需报告对内部控制系统的变动和透露是否这些变动是对remediate 物质弱点或重大deficiencies.2 没有企业透露物质弱点对公众在部分302 之下的明确要求。但是, 项目307 章程S-K 牌子它难使企业依从章程和不透露一个辨认的物质弱点。相反, 企业只必需报告重大缺乏如果他们做对他们的内部控制系统的变动对remediate them.3 物质弱点透露和重大缺乏是相似在部分之下
404 硫化物但对内部控制系统的评估是更加广泛的。在部分404 之下, 被登记者被要求承担内部控制系统的一个更加正式的评估并且审计员被要求报告关于管理的评估。企业必需做重大投资评估他们的内部控制系统和遵照部分404 。在过程中, 企业报告了他们发现在他们的准备为部分404 服从的ICDs 在部分404 成为了effective.4 以前
2.1. 假定义务对必须的透露在ACK 和DGM
主要区别在ACK 和DGM 之间是假定被做关于刺激发现ICDs 变化横跨企业和程度ICDs 透露是义务的程度。ACK 看法ICD 的最后透露作为三个情况的组合: (1) ICD 的出现, (2) ICD 的侦查, 和(3) ICD 的透露
相应地, 他们做预言关于影响每个可能这些情况的因素。ACK 提议刺激的几个原因发现和透露ICDs 变化横跨企业。首先, 在部分404 之前, 规程企业必须使用评估控制并且规程不被指定。所以, 区别在努力企业中做发现ICDs能提升在ICD 透露上变化。其次, 作者指出重大缺乏透露不必需。第三, 有二义性在物质弱点的定义并且重大缺乏, 会提供企业某一纬度在透露顺便说一句他们分类ICDs (物质弱点对 重大缺乏) 。

Answer 2

厉害 ， 米耐心了