莎士比亚
莎士比亚（william shakespeare，1546～1616）
欧洲文艺复兴是一个产生巨人的时代，莎士比亚便是这时期应运而生的巨人。
莎士比亚是英国最伟大的戏剧天才是诗人。1564年4月23日出生在英国中部埃文河上的斯特拉特福镇一个富裕的市民家庭。早期他在剧院打过杂，当过演员，随剧团到各地巡回演出，扮演过剧中的配角，后来做了编剧。开始他是与人合作改变旧剧本，不久便开始了独立的艺术创作，最后成为伦敦“寰球剧院”的股东。1616年4月23日在家乡去世。莎士比亚死后7年，才由戏剧界的朋友搜集他的遗作，出版了第一部莎士比亚戏剧集。莎士比亚一生著作丰富，流存至今的共有37部戏剧、2部长篇叙事诗和154首十四行诗，还有些杂诗。
莎士比亚的创作可分为3个阶段。第一阶段主要是历史剧、喜剧和诗歌，如《亨利四世》《威尼斯商人》等。作品处处洋溢着朝气勃勃的乐观情绪，表现出人文主义思想，既使是悲剧也在内容和艺术风格上带有喜剧特征。第二阶段作家开始意识到社会矛盾与尖锐，思想转为沉郁深邃，写下了著名的《哈姆雷特》《奥赛罗》《李尔王》和《麦克白》四大悲剧以及一系列大的悲剧，富有更深刻的现实意义。第三阶段是创作神话剧阶段，这一阶段的创作充满传奇和极具烂漫色彩的幻想。代表作是《暴风雨》。
在莎士比亚所有剧作中，《哈姆雷特》被公认是最杰出的。《哈》剧题材取自丹麦王子为父报仇的古老传说。年青的丹麦王子哈姆雷特从德国回到丹麦，得知叔父克劳狄斯杀害了父亲，做了国王，还夺取了自己的母亲为妾。哈姆雷特为父复仇的愿望渐渐地变为一种伟大的社会责任心：应当改变这个不仁不义、谎言和伪善猖獗、谄媚者和阴谋家充斥宫廷的世界。但是终他却被自己情人的哥哥用毒剑刺死，王后和克劳狄斯也同归于尽。王子临死时，要求把一切真相“昭告后人”。哈姆雷特是表现个人与社会冲突、理想与现实矛盾的杰出的艺术典型。哈姆雷特的形象，对后世300多年来欧洲作家塑造个人反抗社会的典型人物产生了深远影响。
在艺术上，莎士比亚戏剧的结构严谨，情节丰富绚丽，人物塑造个性化和多面性结合紧密，性格鲜明、丰满。莎士比亚的戏剧语汇极为丰富，据说用词达到17000个。他善于把文学语言和民间语言巧妙地结合在一起，显得特别生动而精炼。他第一个打破了悲剧与喜剧的界限，“使崇高和卑贱、恐怖和滑稽、豪迈和诙谐离奇古怪地混合在一起”。他又是一位能充分表现人性的伟大作家，他通过笔下的人物不断地向我们提出生活中哪些最根本的问题，人们总是能从他的剧作中找到与自己相通的东西。这一切正是莎士比亚作品具有永恒魅力的原因所在。
19世纪，莎士比亚的名字已经传到中国，并有莎士比亚的故事出版。1919年五四运动以后，莎士比亚的戏剧用白话文和剧本的形式陆续翻译介绍过来。其中有田汉译的《哈姆雷特》《罗密欧与朱丽叶》，有曹未风译的11种剧本，有朱生豪译的31种剧本等。1949年以后出现了许多新译本，特别是莎士比亚诞生400周年时出版了竹生豪的11卷《莎士比亚戏剧集》。1978年又重新修订、补译齐全，定名为《莎士比亚全集》。自五四运动以来，在出版莎士比亚剧本的同时，戏剧界也把莎士比亚戏剧搬上了中国舞台。
Shakespeare
Shakespeare( the william shakespeare,1546-1616)
The European literature renew is an ages that produces the giant, the giant that Shakespeare woulds be to expect to emerge with the tide of the times at this time.
It is poet that Shakespeare is a British greatest drama genius.23 sunrises of April of 1564 living the 斯 in the British central 埃 text river to especially pull especially a wealthy citizenry's family in the blessing town.In early days he beat in the theater miscellaneous, was the actor, arrived everyplace to cruise to return to performance with the play regiment, play the supporting roles in the play, did the script writer afterwards.In the beginning he is to cooperate with person to change the old manuscript, starting the independent art creations soon and then, becoming the shareholder of" the 寰 ball theater" in London finally.Died at home town on April 23 in 1616.Shakespeare clay-cold 7 years, just be collected his 遗 by the friend of the drama field to make, publish the first Shakespeare's drama to gather.Shakespeare the whole life work is abundant, flowing to save to have 37 dramas,2 an epic poetry of ministers and 15414 lines of poemses totally up to now, still having some miscellaneous poem.
The Shakespeare's creations can is divided into 3 stages.The first stage is mainly history play, comedy and verses, such as 《 four a life times of Henry 》《 businessman of Wearnes 》 etc..The ocean of the work everywhere overflows the thriving optimistic motion of vigor, express a humanism thought, since make is a tragedy to also take the in an interesting condition play characteristic on the contents and the art styles.The second stage writer starts be aware of the society antinomy and sharpens, thoughting to turn into deeply depressed and deep, wrote down the of 著 of 《 Hamlet 》《 the 奥 match Luo 》《 LI3 ER3 WANG2 》 and 《 Michael white 》 big tragedy of four greatest tragedies and a series, be rich with deeper realistic meaning.The third stage is to create the myth play stage, the creations of this stage is filled with the legend and has the imagination of the lousy color of 漫 very much.The representative make is 《 storm 》 .
In all plays of Shakespeare make, 《 Hamlet 》 drive generally accepted is the most outstanding.《哈》 The play topic draws from the Denmark prince for the ancient old legend that father revenge.The young Denmark prince's Hamlet know ° from Germany return to Denmark the uncle the gram 劳 狄斯 killed the father, being the king, still robbing own mother as 妾 .The Hamlet changes into one social responsibility that kind is great gradually for the wishes that the father revenge:Should change this unkind not righteousness, lies and hypocritical and rampant, a world that floods the palace.But eventually he but was stabbed the dead with the poisonous sword by the elder brother of oneself's lover, the king perishes together with the gram 劳 狄斯 also behind.The prince is at the point of death, requesting to be the whole true facts" declare to the posterity".The Hamlet is the performance outstanding art typical model of personal and social conflict, ideal and the actuality antinomy.The image of the Hamlet, molded personal model personalities that resists the society to produce the profound influence to the European writer of the future generations more than 300 in the last yearses.
On the art, the theatrical structure of Shakespeare is careful, the details is abundant gorgeous, the person mold characteristic and face sex more to combine close, the personality is fresh and clear and plentiful full.The Shakespeare's drama glossary is extremely abundant, iting is said attain with the phrase 17000.He is good at combining together skillfully the literature language and civil languages, seem to be specially vivid but refinement.His first boundary that broke the tragedy and comedy," make lofty and humble, terrible and funny, heroic and humorous mix with together oddly and peculiarly".He again is a the great writer that can express the human nature well, he passes the person of the style of writing to put forward which the most basic problems life is toward us constantly, the people always can find out from his play make is mutually the thing of with oneself.All these exactly Shakespeare's work has the reason place of the eternal magic power.
19 centuries, the Shakespeare's name has already spread to China, also the Shakespeare's story publish.54 sports of 1919 hereafter, the Shakespeare's drama colloquially the form of the text and manuscript translates that the introduction come over continuously.Among them have the farmland 汉 to translate of 《 Hamlet 》《 Romeo and Juliet 》 , there is 曹 don't 11 kinds of manuscripts that breeze translate, have ZHU SHENG HAO231 kinds of manuscripts that translate etc..In 1949 hereafter appear many translated the origin lately, especially the Shakespeare bore 400 hour of anniversaries to publish the bamboo to living the 豪 of 11 book 《 Shakespeare's drama gather 》 .1978 revise, repairs to translate afresh again well-found, entitle 《 Shakespeare's complete works 》 .Since 54 sports, at the time of publishing Shakespeare's manuscript, the drama field also moves Shakespeare's drama up Chinese satge.
参考资料：http://elearning.ncist.edu.cn/NCourse/zhgjxds/ke/ke04/shehui-pic/sasibiya.htm