第1个回答 2012-10-05
过去分词(短语)作状语，可以修饰谓语，说明动作发生的背景或情况，如：
Built in 1192, the bridge is over 700 years old.
Led by the party, the people have improved their living conditions greatly.
Surrounded by a group of pupils, the old teacher walked into the room.
The trainer appeared, followed by six little dogs.
⑦ 过去分词短语表示原因（相当于一个原因状语从句），如：
The children, exhausted, fell asleep at once.
He soon fell asleep, exhausted by the journey. (= as he was exhausted…)
过去分词短语有时可以表示时间（相当于时间状语从句）和条件（相当于条件状语从句），如：
United, we stand; divided, we fall. (=When / If we are united …)
Heated, water changes into steam. (=When / If water is heated …)
Seen from the hill, the park looks very beautiful.
注：过去分词短语作状语时，前面有时可以加上when, if, while, though, as if 等连词，这种结构可以看作是一种省略的状语从句（省略部分多为 “主语 + be 的多种形式”）。需要注意的是，省略的主语必须和主句的主语相同，如：
If / When heated, water changes into steam.
Even if invited, I won’t go.
We will not attack unless attacked.
The girl is very shy, and never speaks until spoken to.
过去分词做宾语补足语，如：
He watched the TV set carried out of the room.
Last year they had the house rebuilt.
When you speak English, be sure to make yourself understood.
You’d better have your shoes mended.
注：过去分词做宾语补足语表示动作完成结果，并有被动意义。
现在分词的完成形式主要用在状语中，表示动作在谓语动作之前发生，如：
Having been there many times, he offered to be our guide.
The delegates, having fulfilled their mission, arrived back in Shanghai.
注：在独立结构中，也可以用现在分词的完成形式，如：
His comrades having all left for the front, he didn’t want to stay in the rear.
在表示一个被动的动作时，如果这个动作是现刻正在进行的，或是与谓语表示的动作同时发生的，就可以用现在分词的被动形式。这种形式可以作定语、状语或构成复合宾语，如：
That building being repaired is our library. （定语）
He asked who was the man being operated on. （定语）
You’ll find the topic being discussed everywhere. （宾语补足语）
As we entered the village, we saw new houses being built. （宾语补足语）
Being asked to give a performance, she couldn’t very well refuse.（状语）
Being protected by a thick wall, they felt they were quite safe. （状语）
有时还有完成被动形式，如：
Having been given such a good chance, how could she let it slip away?