时态中现在完成时的定义是什么?

如题所述

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同学您好:现在完成时
(1)构成:现在完成时由助动词have + 过去分词构成,助动词have 有人称和数的变化。第三人称单数用has,其余用have.
1)现在完成时通常表示在说话之前已经完成的动作或存在的状态。说话人强调的是该动作或状态对现在的结果或影响。
·My daughter has just gone out. 我女儿刚出去。
·I’m sure we’ve met before. 我肯定我们以前见过面。
2)表示持续到现在的动作或状态,往往和包括现在在内的表示一段时间的状语连用,如today, these days, recently, now,lately, for…, since…, in the last/past two weeks/years/days/months, just等。如:
· I haven’t heard fromher these days. 这些日子我没有收到她的信。
· We haven’t seen yourecently. 最近我们没有见到你。
· They have been awayfor two years. 他们离开已经两年了。
注意:
1)表示短暂意义的动词如open, go, come, die, arrive, leave, lose,fall等,在完成时当中不能和包括现在在内的表示一段时间的状语连用,因为它们表示的动作不可能持续。因此,不能说:
· ×He has come here for 2weeks.
· ×The old man has died for 4months.
· ×They have left only for 5minutes.
·以上三句话可以改为:
·It’s two weeks since he came here. Hehas been here for 2 weeks.
·It’s 4 months since the old mandied.
·They have been away only for 5minutes
2)have (has) been 和have (has) gone的区别:表示“曾到过某地”要用 “have (has)been”; 表示“已经去某地”要用 “have (has)gone”。试比较:
·Where has he been? 他刚才到哪里去了?(已经回来了)
·Where has he gone? 他上哪儿去了?(人不在)
3)现在完成时不能和明确指出时间的状语,如yesterday,last year, in 1976, two days ago, just now, when I came in 等连用,但可以和不明确指出时间的状语,如already,yet, sometimes, always, often, before, lately, recently, once, twice, ever,never等连用。例如:
·She has already come. 她已经来了。
·I haven’t read it yet. 我还没读过这个。
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